NAME

Apache::AuthCookie - Perl Authentication and Authorization via cookies

VERSION

version 3.30

SYNOPSIS

Make sure your mod_perl is at least 1.24, with StackedHandlers, MethodHandlers, Authen, and Authz compiled in.

 # In httpd.conf or .htaccess:
 PerlModule Sample::Apache::AuthCookieHandler
 PerlSetVar WhatEverPath /
 PerlSetVar WhatEverLoginScript /login.pl

 # use to alter how "require" directives are matched. Can be "Any" or "All".
 # If its "Any", then you must only match Any of the "require" directives. If
 # its "All", then you must match All of the require directives. 
 #
 # Default: All
 PerlSetVar WhatEverSatisfy Any
 
 # The following line is optional - it allows you to set the domain
 # scope of your cookie.  Default is the current domain.
 PerlSetVar WhatEverDomain .yourdomain.com

 # Use this to only send over a secure connection
 PerlSetVar WhatEverSecure 1

 # Use this if you want user session cookies to expire if the user
 # doesn't request a auth-required or recognize_user page for some
 # time period.  If set, a new cookie (with updated expire time)
 # is set on every request.
 PerlSetVar WhatEverSessionTimeout +30m

 # to enable the HttpOnly cookie property, use HttpOnly.
 # this is an MS extension.  See
 # http://msdn.microsoft.com/workshop/author/dhtml/httponly_cookies.asp
 PerlSetVar WhatEverHttpOnly 1

 # Usually documents are uncached - turn off here
 PerlSetVar WhatEverCache 1

 # Use this to make your cookies persistent (+2 hours here)
 PerlSetVar WhatEverExpires +2h

 # Use to make AuthCookie send a P3P header with the cookie
 # see http://www.w3.org/P3P/ for details about what the value 
 # of this should be
 PerlSetVar WhatEverP3P "CP=\"...\""

 # optional: enforce that the destination argument from the login form is
 # local to the server
 PerlSetVar WhatEverEnforceLocalDestination 1

 # optional: specify a default destination for when the destination argument
 # of the login form is invalid or unspecified
 PerlSetVar WhatEverDefaultDestination /protected/user/

 # These documents require user to be logged in.
 <Location /protected>
  AuthType Sample::Apache::AuthCookieHandler
  AuthName WhatEver
  PerlAuthenHandler Sample::Apache::AuthCookieHandler->authenticate
  PerlAuthzHandler Sample::Apache::AuthCookieHandler->authorize
  require valid-user
 </Location>

 # These documents don't require logging in, but allow it.
 <FilesMatch "\.ok$">
  AuthType Sample::Apache::AuthCookieHandler
  AuthName WhatEver
  PerlFixupHandler Sample::Apache::AuthCookieHandler->recognize_user
 </FilesMatch>

 # This is the action of the login.pl script above.
 <Files LOGIN>
  AuthType Sample::Apache::AuthCookieHandler
  AuthName WhatEver
  SetHandler perl-script
  PerlHandler Sample::Apache::AuthCookieHandler->login
 </Files>

DESCRIPTION

Apache::AuthCookie allows you to intercept a user's first unauthenticated access to a protected document. The user will be presented with a custom form where they can enter authentication credentials. The credentials are posted to the server where AuthCookie verifies them and returns a session key.

The session key is returned to the user's browser as a cookie. As a cookie, the browser will pass the session key on every subsequent accesses. AuthCookie will verify the session key and re-authenticate the user.

All you have to do is write a custom module that inherits from AuthCookie. Your module is a class which implements two methods:

"authen_cred()": Verify the user-supplied credentials and return a session key. The session key can be any string - often you'll use some string containing username, timeout info, and any other information you need to determine access to documents, and append a one-way hash of those values together with some secret key.
"authen_ses_key()": Verify the session key (previously generated by "authen_cred()", possibly during a previous request) and return the user ID. This user ID will be fed to "$r->connection->user()" to set Apache's idea of who's logged in.

By using AuthCookie versus Apache's built-in AuthBasic you can design your own authentication system. There are several benefits.

1.

The client doesn't *have* to pass the user credentials on every subsequent access. If you're using passwords, this means that the password can be sent on the first request only, and subsequent requests don't need to send this (potentially sensitive) information. This is known as "ticket-based" authentication.

2.

When you determine that the client should stop using the credentials/session key, the server can tell the client to delete the cookie. Letting users "log out" is a notoriously impossible-to-solve problem of AuthBasic.

3.

AuthBasic dialog boxes are ugly. You can design your own HTML login forms when you use AuthCookie.

4.

You can specify the domain of a cookie using PerlSetVar commands. For instance, if your AuthName is "WhatEver", you can put the command

 PerlSetVar WhatEverDomain .yourhost.com

into your server setup file and your access cookies will span all hosts ending in ".yourhost.com".

5.

You can optionally specify the name of your cookie using the "CookieName" directive. For instance, if your AuthName is "WhatEver", you can put the command

 PerlSetVar WhatEverCookieName MyCustomName

into your server setup file and your cookies for this AuthCookie realm will be named MyCustomName. Default is AuthType_AuthName.

6.

By default users must satisfy ALL of the "require" directives. If you want authentication to succeed if ANY "require" directives are met, use the "Satisfy" directive. For instance, if your AuthName is "WhatEver", you can put the command

 PerlSetVar WhatEverSatisfy Any

into your server startup file and authentication for this realm will succeed if ANY of the "require" directives are met.

This is the flow of the authentication handler, less the details of the redirects. Two REDIRECT's are used to keep the client from displaying the user's credentials in the Location field. They don't really change AuthCookie's model, but they do add another round-trip request to the client.

 (-----------------------)     +---------------------------------+
 ( Request a protected   )     | AuthCookie sets custom error    |
 ( page, but user hasn't )---->| document and returns            |
 ( authenticated (no     )     | FORBIDDEN. Apache abandons      |      
 ( session key cookie)   )     | current request and creates sub |      
 (-----------------------)     | request for the error document. |<-+
                               | Error document is a script that |  |
                               | generates a form where the user |  |
                 return        | enters authentication           |  |
          ^------------------->| credentials (login & password). |  |
         / \      False        +---------------------------------+  |
        /   \                                   |                   |
       /     \                                  |                   |
      /       \                                 V                   |
     /         \               +---------------------------------+  |
    /   Pass    \              | User's client submits this form |  |
   /   user's    \             | to the LOGIN URL, which calls   |  |
   | credentials |<------------| AuthCookie->login().            |  |
   \     to      /             +---------------------------------+  |
    \authen_cred/                                                   |
     \ function/                                                    |
      \       /                                                     |
       \     /                                                      |
        \   /            +------------------------------------+     |
         \ /   return    | Authen cred returns a session      |  +--+
          V------------->| key which is opaque to AuthCookie.*|  |
                True     +------------------------------------+  |
                                              |                  |
               +--------------------+         |      +---------------+
               |                    |         |      | If we had a   |
               V                    |         V      | cookie, add   |
  +----------------------------+  r |         ^      | a Set-Cookie  |
  | If we didn't have a session|  e |T       / \     | header to     |
  | key cookie, add a          |  t |r      /   \    | override the  |
  | Set-Cookie header with this|  u |u     /     \   | invalid cookie|
  | session key. Client then   |  r |e    /       \  +---------------+
  | returns session key with   |  n |    /  pass   \               ^    
  | successive requests        |    |   /  session  \              |
  +----------------------------+    |  /   key to    \    return   |
               |                    +-| authen_ses_key|------------+
               V                       \             /     False
  +-----------------------------------+ \           /
  | Tell Apache to set Expires header,|  \         /
  | set user to user ID returned by   |   \       /
  | authen_ses_key, set authentication|    \     /
  | to our type (e.g. AuthCookie).    |     \   /
  +-----------------------------------+      \ /
                                              V
         (---------------------)              ^
         ( Request a protected )              |
         ( page, user has a    )--------------+
         ( session key cookie  )
         (---------------------)


 *  The session key that the client gets can be anything you want.  For
    example, encrypted information about the user, a hash of the
    username and password (similar in function to Digest
    authentication), or the user name and password in plain text
    (similar in function to HTTP Basic authentication).

    The only requirement is that the authen_ses_key function that you
    create must be able to determine if this session_key is valid and
    map it back to the originally authenticated user ID.

METHODS

authen_cred($r, @credentials)

You must define this method yourself in your subclass of "Apache::AuthCookie". Its job is to create the session key that will be preserved in the user's cookie. The arguments passed to it are:

 sub authen_cred ($$\@) {
   my $self = shift;  # Package name (same as AuthName directive)
   my $r    = shift;  # Apache request object
   my @cred = @_;     # Credentials from login form

   ...blah blah blah, create a session key...
   return $session_key;
 }

The only limitation on the session key is that you should be able to look at it later and determine the user's username. You are responsible for implementing your own session key format. A typical format is to make a string that contains the username, an expiration time, whatever else you need, and an MD5 hash of all that data together with a secret key. The hash will ensure that the user doesn't tamper with the session key. More info in the Eagle book.

authen_ses_key($r, $session_key)

You must define this method yourself in your subclass of Apache::AuthCookie. Its job is to look at a session key and determine whether it is valid. If so, it returns the username of the authenticated user.

 sub authen_ses_key ($$$) {
   my ($self, $r, $session_key) = @_;
   ...blah blah blah, check whether $session_key is valid...
   return $ok ? $username : undef;
 }

Optionally, return an array of 2 or more items that will be passed to method custom_errors. It is the responsibility of this method to return the correct response to the main Apache module.

custom_errors($r,@_)

Note: this interface is experimental.

This method handles the server response when you wish to access the Apache custom_response method. Any suitable response can be used. this is particularly useful when implementing 'by directory' access control using the user authentication information. i.e.

        /restricted
                /one            user is allowed access here
                /two            not here
                /three          AND here

The authen_ses_key method would return a normal response when the user attempts to access 'one' or 'three' but return (NOT_FOUND, 'File not found') if an attempt was made to access subdirectory 'two'. Or, in the case of expired credentials, (AUTH_REQUIRED,'Your session has timed out, you must login again').

  example 'custom_errors'

  sub custom_errors {
    my ($self,$r,$CODE,$msg) = @_;
    # return custom message else use the server's standard message
    $r->custom_response($CODE, $msg) if $msg;
    return($CODE);
  }

  where CODE is a valid code from Apache::Constants

recognize_user($r)

If the user has provided a valid session key but the document isn't protected, this method will set "$r->connection->user" anyway. Use it as a PerlFixupHandler, unless you have a better idea.

encoding($r): string

Return the ${auth_name}Encoding setting that is in effect for this request.

requires_encoding($r): string

Return the ${auth_name}RequiresEncoding setting that is in effect for this request.

decoded_user($r): string

If you have set ${auth_name}Encoding, then this will return the decoded value of "$r->connection->user".

decoded_requires($r): arrayref

This method returns the "$r->requires" array, with the "requirement" values decoded if "${auth_name}RequiresEncoding" is in effect for this request.

handle_cache(): void

If "${auth_name}Cache" is defined, this sets up the response so that the client will not cache the result. This sents "no_cache" in the apache request object and sends the appropriate headers so that the client will not cache the response.

remove_cookie(): void

Adds a "Set-Cookie" header that instructs the client to delete the cookie immediately.

params($r): Apache::AuthCookie::Params

Get the params object for this request.

This method handles the submission of the login form. It will call the "authen_cred()" method, passing it $r and all the submitted data with names like "credential_#", where # is a number. These will be passed in a simple array, so the prototype is "$self->authen_cred($r, @credentials)". After calling "authen_cred()", we set the user's cookie and redirect to the URL contained in the "destination" submitted form field.

untaint_destination($uri)

This method returns a modified version of the destination parameter before embedding it into the response header. Per default it escapes CR, LF and TAB characters of the uri to avoid certain types of security attacks. You can override it to more limit the allowed destinations, e.g., only allow relative uris, only special hosts or only limited set of characters.

logout($r)

This is simply a convenience method that unsets the session key for you. You can call it in your logout scripts. Usually this looks like "$r->auth_type->logout($r);".

authenticate($r)

This method is one you'll use in a server config file (httpd.conf, .htaccess, ...) as a PerlAuthenHandler. If the user provided a session key in a cookie, the "authen_ses_key()" method will get called to check whether the key is valid. If not, or if there is no key provided, we redirect to the login form.

login_form()

This method is responsible for displaying the login form. The default implementation will make an internal redirect and display the URL you specified with the "PerlSetVar WhatEverLoginScript" configuration directive. You can overwrite this method to provide your own mechanism.

login_form_status($r)

This method returns the HTTP status code that will be returned with the login form response. The default behaviour is to return FORBIDDEN, except for some known browsers which ignore HTML content for FORBIDDEN responses (e.g.: SymbianOS). You can override this method to return custom codes.

Note that FORBIDDEN is the most correct code to return as the given request was not authorized to view the requested page. You should only change this if FORBIDDEN does not work.

get_satisfy(): string

Get the "Satisfy" value for the current request, or "all" if it is not configured.

authorize($r)

This will step through the "require" directives you've given for protected documents and make sure the user passes muster. The "require valid-user" and "require user joey-jojo" directives are handled for you. You can implement custom directives, such as "require species hamster", by defining a method called "species()" in your subclass, which will then be called. The method will be called as "$r->species($r, $args)", where $args is everything on your "require" line after the word "species". The method should return OK on success and FORBIDDEN on failure.

send_cookie($session_key)

By default this method simply sends out the session key you give it. If you need to change the default behavior (perhaps to update a timestamp in the key) you can override this method.

send_p3p(): void

Set a P3P response header if "${auth_name}P3P" is configured. The value of the header is whatever is in the "${auth_name}P3P" setting.

cookie_string(%args): string

Generate a cookie string. %args are:

request
The Apache request object
key
The Cookie name
value
the Cookie value
expires (optional)
When the cookie expires. See "expires()" in Apache::AuthCookie::Util. Uses "${auth_name}Expires" if not given.

All other cookie settings come from "PerlSetVar" settings.

key()

This method will return the current session key, if any. This can be handy inside a method that implements a "require" directive check (like the "species" method discussed above) if you put any extra information like clearances or whatever into the session key.

get_cookie_path(): string

Returns the value of "PerlSetVar ${auth_name}Path".

EXAMPLE

For an example of how to use Apache::AuthCookie, you may want to check out the test suite, which runs AuthCookie through a few of its paces. The documents are located in t/eg/, and you may want to peruse t/real.t to see the generated httpd.conf file (at the bottom of real.t) and check out what requests it's making of the server (at the top of real.t).

THE LOGIN SCRIPT

You will need to create a login script (called login.pl above) that generates an HTML form for the user to fill out. You might generate the page using an Apache::Registry script, or an HTML::Mason component, or perhaps even using a static HTML page. It's usually useful to generate it dynamically so that you can define the 'destination' field correctly (see below).

The following fields must be present in the form:

1.: The ACTION of the form must be /LOGIN (or whatever you defined in your server configuration as handled by the ->login() method - see example in the SYNOPSIS section).
2.: The various user input fields (username, passwords, etc.) must be named 'credential_0', 'credential_1', etc. on the form. These will get passed to your authen_cred() method.
3.: You must define a form field called 'destination' that tells AuthCookie where to redirect the request after successfully logging in. Typically this value is obtained from "$r->prev->uri". See the login.pl script in t/eg/.

In addition, you might want your login page to be able to tell why the user is being asked to log in. In other words, if the user sent bad credentials, then it might be useful to display an error message saying that the given username or password are invalid. Also, it might be useful to determine the difference between a user that sent an invalid auth cookie, and a user that sent no auth cookie at all. To cope with these situations, AuthCookie will set "$r->subprocess_env('AuthCookieReason')" to one of the following values.

no_cookie: The user presented no cookie at all. Typically this means the user is trying to log in for the first time.
bad_cookie: The cookie the user presented is invalid. Typically this means that the user is not allowed access to the given page.
bad_credentials: The user tried to log in, but the credentials that were passed are invalid.

You can examine this value in your login form by examining "$r->prev->subprocess_env('AuthCookieReason')" (because it's a sub-request).

Of course, if you want to give more specific information about why access failed when a cookie is present, your "authen_ses_key()" method can set arbitrary entries in "$r->subprocess_env".

THE LOGOUT SCRIPT

If you want to let users log themselves out (something that can't be done using Basic Auth), you need to create a logout script. For an example, see t/htdocs/docs/logout.pl. Logout scripts may want to take advantage of AuthCookie's "logout()" method, which will set the proper cookie headers in order to clear the user's cookie. This usually looks like "$r->auth_type->logout($r);".

Note that if you don't necessarily trust your users, you can't count on cookie deletion for logging out. You'll have to expire some server-side login information too. AuthCookie doesn't do this for you, you have to handle it yourself.

ENCODING AND CHARACTER SETS

Encoding

AuthCookie provides support for decoding POST/GET data if you tell it what the client encoding is. You do this by setting the "${auth_name}Encoding" setting in "httpd.conf". E.g.:

 PerlSetVar WhateEverEncoding UTF-8
 # and you also need to arrange for charset=UTF-8 at the end of the
 # Content-Type header with something like:
 AddDefaultCharset UTF-8

Note that you can use charsets other than "UTF-8", however, you need to arrange for the browser to send the right encoding back to the server.

If you have turned on Encoding support by setting "${auth_name}Encoding", this has the following effects:

The internal pure-perl params processing subclass will be used, even if libapreq is installed. libapreq does not handle encoding.
POST/GET data intercepted by AuthCookie will be decoded to perl's internal format using "decode" in Encode.
The value stored in "$r->connection->user" will be encoded as bytes, not characters using the configured encoding name. This is because the value stored by mod_perl is a C API string, and not a perl string. You can use "decoded_user()" to get user string encoded using character semantics.

This does has some caveats:

your "authen_cred()" and "authen_ses_key()" function is expected to return a decoded username, either by passing it through "decode()" in Encode, or, by turning on the UTF8 flag if appropriate.
Due to the way HTTP works, cookies cannot contain non-ASCII characters. Because of this, if you are including the username in your generated session key, you will need to escape any non-ascii characters in the session key returned by "authen_cred()".
Similarly, you must reverse this escaping process in "authen_ses_key()" and return a "decode()" in Encode decoded username. If your "authen_cred()" function already only generates ASCII-only session keys then you do not need to worry about any of this.
The value stored in "$r->connection->user" will be encoded using bytes semantics using the configured Encoding. If you want the decoded user value, use "decoded_user()" instead.

Requires

You can also specify what the charset is of the Apache "$r->requires" data is by setting "${auth_name}RequiresEncoding" in httpd.conf.

E.g.:

 PerlSetVar WhatEverRequiresEncoding UTF-8

This will make it so that AuthCookie will decode your "requires" directives using the configured character set. You really only need to do this if you have used non-ascii characters in any of your "requires" directives in httpd.conf. e.g.:

 requires user programmør

ABOUT SESSION KEYS

Unlike the sample AuthCookieHandler, you have you verify the user's login and password in "authen_cred()", then you do something like:

    my $date = localtime;
    my $ses_key = MD5->hexhash(join(';', $date, $PID, $PAC));

save $ses_key along with the user's login, and return $ses_key.

Now "authen_ses_key()" looks up the $ses_key passed to it and returns the saved login. I use Oracle to store the session key and retrieve it later, see the ToDo section below for some other ideas.

TO DO

•: It might be nice if the logout method could accept some parameters that could make it easy to redirect the user to another URI, or whatever. I'd have to think about the options needed before I implement anything, though.

HISTORY

Originally written by Eric Bartley <bartley@purdue.edu>

versions 2.x were written by Ken Williams <ken@forum.swarthmore.edu>

SOURCE

The development version is on github at <https://https://github.com/mschout/apache-authcookie> and may be cloned from <git://https://github.com/mschout/apache-authcookie.git>

BUGS

Please report any bugs or feature requests on the bugtracker website <https://github.com/mschout/apache-authcookie/issues>

When submitting a bug or request, please include a test-file or a patch to an existing test-file that illustrates the bug or desired feature.

AUTHOR

Michael Schout <mschout@cpan.org>

COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE

This is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as the Perl 5 programming language system itself.