$res->body( $text | $fh | $iohandle_object )

    $c->response->body('Catalyst rocks!');

Sets or returns the output (text or binary data). If you are returning a large body, you might want to use a IO::Handle type of object (Something that implements the getline method in the same fashion), or a filehandle GLOB. These will be passed down to the PSGI handler you are using and might be optimized using server specific abilities (for example Twiggy will attempt to server a real local file in a non blocking manner).

If you are using a filehandle as the body response you are responsible for making sure it conforms to the PSGI specification with regards to content encoding. Unlike with scalar body values or when using the streaming interfaces we currently do not attempt to normalize and encode your filehandle. In general this means you should be sure to be sending bytes not UTF8 decoded multibyte characters.

Most of the time when you do:

    open(my $fh, '<:raw', $path);

You should be fine. If you open a filehandle with a PerlIO layer you probably are not fine. You can usually fix this by explicitly using binmode to set the IOLayer to :raw. Its possible future versions of Catalyst will try to 'do the right thing'.

When using a IO::Handle type of object and no content length has been already set in the response headers Catalyst will make a reasonable attempt to determine the size of the Handle. Depending on the implementation of your handle object, setting the content length may fail. If it is at all possible for you to determine the content length of your handle object, it is recommended that you set the content length in the response headers yourself, which will be respected and sent by Catalyst in the response.

Please note that the object needs to implement "getline", not just "read". Older versions of Catalyst expected your filehandle like objects to do read. If you have code written for this expectation and you cannot change the code to meet the PSGI specification, you can try the following middleware Plack::Middleware::AdaptFilehandleRead which will attempt to wrap your object in an interface that so conforms.

Starting from version 5.90060, when using an IO::Handle object, you may want to use Plack::Middleware::XSendfile, to delegate the actual serving to the frontend server. To do so, you need to pass to "body" an IO object with a "path" method. This can be achieved in two ways.

Either using Plack::Util:

  my $fh = IO::File->new($file, 'r');
  Plack::Util::set_io_path($fh, $file);

Or using IO::File::WithPath

  my $fh = IO::File::WithPath->new($file, 'r');

And then passing the filehandle to body and setting headers, if needed.

  $c->response->body($fh);
  $c->response->headers->content_type('text/plain');
  $c->response->headers->content_length(-s $file);
  $c->response->headers->last_modified((stat($file))[9]);

Plack::Middleware::XSendfile can be loaded in the application so:

 __PACKAGE__->config(
     psgi_middleware => [
         'XSendfile',
         # other middlewares here...
        ],
 );

Beware that loading the middleware without configuring the webserver to set the request header "X-Sendfile-Type" to a supported type ("X-Accel-Redirect" for nginx, "X-Sendfile" for Apache and Lighttpd), could lead to the disclosure of private paths to malicious clients setting that header.

Nginx needs the additional X-Accel-Mapping header to be set in the webserver configuration, so the middleware will replace the absolute path of the IO object with the internal nginx path. This is also useful to prevent a buggy app to server random files from the filesystem, as it's an internal redirect.

An nginx configuration for FastCGI could look so:

 server {
     server_name example.com;
     root /my/app/root;
     location /private/repo/ {
         internal;
         alias /my/app/repo/;
     }
     location /private/staging/ {
         internal;
         alias /my/app/staging/;
     }
     location @proxy {
         include /etc/nginx/fastcgi_params;
         fastcgi_param SCRIPT_NAME '';
         fastcgi_param PATH_INFO   $fastcgi_script_name;
         fastcgi_param HTTP_X_SENDFILE_TYPE X-Accel-Redirect;
         fastcgi_param HTTP_X_ACCEL_MAPPING /my/app=/private;
         fastcgi_pass  unix:/my/app/run/app.sock;
    }
 }

In the example above, passing filehandles with a local path matching /my/app/staging or /my/app/repo will be served by nginx. Passing paths with other locations will lead to an internal server error.

Setting the body to a filehandle without the "path" method bypasses the middleware completely.

For Apache and Lighttpd, the mapping doesn't apply and setting the X-Sendfile-Type is enough.

$res->has_body

$res->code

$res->content_encoding

$res->content_length

$res->content_type

This value is typically set by your view or plugin. For example, Catalyst::Plugin::Static::Simple will guess the mime type based on the file it found, while Catalyst::View::TT defaults to "text/html".

$res->content_type_charset

$res->cookies

    $c->response->cookies->{foo} = { value => '123' };

The keys of the hash reference on the right correspond to the CGI::Simple::Cookie parameters of the same name, except they are used without a leading dash. Possible parameters are:

value

expires

domain

path

secure

httponly

$res->header

$res->headers

    $c->response->headers->header( 'X-Catalyst' => $Catalyst::VERSION );

$res->output

$res->redirect( $url, $status )

    $c->response->redirect( 'http://slashdot.org' );
    $c->response->redirect( 'http://slashdot.org', 307 );

This is a convenience method that sets the Location header to the redirect destination, and then sets the response status. You will want to " return " or "$c->detach()" to interrupt the normal processing flow if you want the redirect to occur straight away.

Note: do not give a relative URL as $url, i.e: one that is not fully qualified (= "http://...", etc.) or that starts with a slash (= "/path/here"). While it may work, it is not guaranteed to do the right thing and is not a standard behaviour. You may opt to use uri_for() or uri_for_action() instead.

Note: If $url is an object that does ->as_string (such as URI, which is what you get from ->uri_for) we automatically call that to stringify. This should ease the common case usage

    return $c->res->redirect( $c->uri_for(...));

$res->location

$res->status

    $c->response->status(404);

$res->code is an alias for this, to match HTTP::Response->code.

$res->write( $data )

You may call this as often as you want throughout your response cycle. You may even set a 'body' afterward. So for example you might write your HTTP headers and the HEAD section of your document and then set the body from a template driven from a database. In some cases this can seem to the client as if you had a faster overall response (but note that unless your server support chunked body your content is likely to get queued anyway (Starman and most other http 1.1 webservers support this).

If there is an encoding set, we encode each line of the response (the default encoding is UTF-8).

$res->unencoded_write( $data )

$res->write_fh

In addition to proxying the "write" and "close" method from the underlying PSGI writer, this proxy object knows any application wide encoding, and provides a method "write_encoded" that will properly encode your written lines based upon your encoding settings. By default in Catalyst responses are UTF-8 encoded and this is the encoding used if you respond via "write_encoded". If you want to handle encoding yourself, you can use the "write" method directly.

Encoding only applies to content types for which it matters. Currently the following content types are assumed to need encoding: text (including HTML), xml and javascript.

We provide access to this object so that you can properly close over it for use in asynchronous and nonblocking applications. For example (assuming you are using a supporting server, like Twiggy:

    package AsyncExample::Controller::Root;

    use Moose;

    BEGIN { extends 'Catalyst::Controller' }

    sub prepare_cb {
      my $write_fh = pop;
      return sub {
        my $message = shift;
        $write_fh->write("Finishing: $message\n");
        $write_fh->close;
      };
    }

    sub anyevent :Local :Args(0) {
      my ($self, $c) = @_;
      my $cb = $self->prepare_cb($c->res->write_fh);

      my $watcher;
      $watcher = AnyEvent->timer(
        after => 5,
        cb => sub {
          $cb->(scalar localtime);
          undef $watcher; # cancel circular-ref
        });
    }

Like the 'write' method, calling this will finalize headers. Unlike 'write' when you can this it is assumed you are taking control of the response so the body is never finalized (there isn't one anyway) and you need to call the close method.

$res->print( @data )

$res->finalize_headers()

from_psgi_response

Properly supports streaming and delayed response and / or async IO if running under an expected event loop.

If passed an object, will expect that object to do a method "as_psgi".

Example:

    package MyApp::Web::Controller::Test;

    use base 'Catalyst::Controller';
    use Plack::App::Directory;


    my $app = Plack::App::Directory->new({ root => "/path/to/htdocs" })
      ->to_app;

    sub myaction :Local Args {
      my ($self, $c) = @_;
      $c->res->from_psgi_response($app->($c->req->env));
    }

    sub streaming_body :Local {
      my ($self, $c) = @_;
      my $psgi_app = sub {
          my $respond = shift;
          my $writer = $respond->([200,["Content-Type" => "text/plain"]]);
          $writer->write("body");
          $writer->close;
      };
      $c->res->from_psgi_response($psgi_app);
    }

Please note this does not attempt to map or nest your PSGI application under the Controller and Action namespace or path. You may wish to review 'PSGI Helpers' under Catalyst::Utils for help in properly nesting applications.

NOTE If your external PSGI application returns a response that has a character set associated with the content type (such as "text/html; charset=UTF-8") we set $c->clear_encoding to remove any additional content type encoding processing later in the application (this is done to avoid double encoding issues).

NOTE If your external PSGI application is streaming, we assume you completely handle the entire jobs (including closing the stream). This will also bypass the output finalization methods on Catalyst (such as 'finalize_body' which gets called but then skipped when it finds that output is already finished.) Its possible this might cause issue with some plugins that want to do 'things' during those finalization methods. Just understand what is happening.

encodable_content_type

This would match content types like:

    text/plain
    text/html
    text/xml
    application/javascript
    application/xml
    application/vnd.user+xml

NOTE: We don't encode JSON content type responses by default since most of the JSON serializers that are commonly used for this task will do so automatically and we don't want to double encode. If you are not using a tool like JSON to produce JSON type content, (for example you are using a template system, or creating the strings manually) you will need to either encoding the body yourself:

    $c->response->body( $c->encoding->encode( $body, $c->_encode_check ) );

Or you can alter the regular expression using this attribute.

encodable_response

     make sure there is an encoding set on the response
     make sure the content type is encodable
     make sure no content type charset has been already set to something different from the global encoding
     make sure no content encoding is present.

Note this does not inspect a body since we do allow automatic encoding on streaming type responses.

DEMOLISH

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