Summary

Unicode in Controllers and URLs

    package MyApp::Controller::Root;

    use utf8;
    use base 'Catalyst::Controller';

    sub heart_with_arg :Path('♥') Args(1)  {
      my ($self, $c, $arg) = @_;
    }

    sub base :Chained('/') CaptureArgs(0) {
      my ($self, $c) = @_;
    }

      sub capture :Chained('base') PathPart('♥') CaptureArgs(1) {
        my ($self, $c, $capture) = @_;
      }

        sub arg :Chained('capture') PathPart('♥') Args(1) {
          my ($self, $c, $arg) = @_;
        }

Discussion

    http://localhost/root/♥/{arg}
    http://localhost/base/♥/{capture}/♥/{arg}

The first one is a classic Path type action and the second uses Chaining, and spans three actions in total. As you can see, you can use unicode characters in your Path and PathPart attributes (remember to use the "utf8" pragma to allow these multibyte characters in your source). The two constructed matchable routes would match the following incoming URLs:

    (heart_with_arg) -> http://localhost/root/%E2%99%A5/{arg}
    (base/capture/arg) -> http://localhost/base/%E2%99%A5/{capture}/%E2%99%A5/{arg}

That path path "%E2%99%A5" is url encoded unicode (assuming you are hitting this with a reasonably modern browser). Its basically what goes over HTTP when your type a browser location that has the unicode 'heart' in it. However we will use the unicode symbol in your debugging messages:

    [debug] Loaded Path actions:
    .-------------------------------------+--------------------------------------.
    | Path                                | Private                              |
    +-------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+
    | /root/♥/*                          | /root/heart_with_arg                  |
    '-------------------------------------+--------------------------------------'

    [debug] Loaded Chained actions:
    .-------------------------------------+--------------------------------------.
    | Path Spec                           | Private                              |
    +-------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+
    | /base/♥/*/♥/*                       | /root/base (0)                       |
    |                                     | -> /root/capture (1)                 |
    |                                     | => /root/arg                         |
    '-------------------------------------+--------------------------------------'

And if the requested URL uses unicode characters in your captures or args (such as "http://localhost:/base/♥/♥/♥/♥") you should see the arguments and captures as their unicode characters as well:

    [debug] Arguments are "♥"
    [debug] "GET" request for "base/♥/♥/♥/♥" from "127.0.0.1"
    .------------------------------------------------------------+-----------.
    | Action                                                     | Time      |
    +------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
    | /root/base                                                 | 0.000080s |
    | /root/capture                                              | 0.000075s |
    | /root/arg                                                  | 0.000755s |
    '------------------------------------------------------------+-----------'

Again, remember that we are display the unicode character and using it to match actions containing such multibyte characters BUT over HTTP you are getting these as URL encoded bytes. For example if you looked at the PSGI $env value for "REQUEST_URI" you would see (for the above request)

    REQUEST_URI => "/base/%E2%99%A5/%E2%99%A5/%E2%99%A5/%E2%99%A5"

So on the incoming request we decode so that we can match and display unicode characters (after decoding the URL encoding). This makes it straightforward to use these types of multibyte characters in your actions and see them incoming in captures and arguments. Please keep this in might if you are doing for example regular expression matching, length determination or other string comparisons, you will need to try these incoming variables as though UTF8 strings. For example in the following action:

        sub arg :Chained('capture') PathPart('♥') Args(1) {
          my ($self, $c, $arg) = @_;
        }

when $arg is "♥" you should expect "length($arg)" to be 1 since it is indeed one character although it will take more than one byte to store.

UTF8 in constructing URLs via $c->uri_for

    use utf8;
    my $url = $c->uri_for( $c->controller('Root')->action_for('arg'), ['♥','♥']);

When you stringify this object (for use in a template, for example) it will automatically do the right thing regarding utf8 encoding and url encoding.

    http://localhost/base/%E2%99%A5/%E2%99%A5/%E2%99%A5/%E2%99%A5

Since again what you want is a properly url encoded version of this. In this case your string length will reflect URL encoded bytes, not the character length. Ultimately what you want to send over the wire via HTTP needs to be bytes.

UTF8 in URL query and keywords

    http://localhost/example?♥=♥♥

When this goes 'over the wire' to your application server its going to be as percent encoded bytes:

    http://localhost/example?%E2%99%A5=%E2%99%A5%E2%99%A5

When Catalyst encounters this we decode the percent encoding and the utf8 so that we can properly display this information (such as in the debugging logs or in a response.)

    [debug] Query Parameters are:
    .-------------------------------------+--------------------------------------.
    | Parameter                           | Value                                |
    +-------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+
    | ♥                                   | ♥♥                                   |
    '-------------------------------------+--------------------------------------'

All the values and keys that are part of $c->req->query_parameters will be utf8 decoded. So you should not need to do anything special to take those values/keys and send them to the body response (since as we will see later Catalyst will do all the necessary encoding for you).

Again, remember that values of your parameters are now decode into Unicode strings. so for example you'd expect the result of length to reflect the character length not the byte length.

Just like with arguments and captures, you can use utf8 literals (or utf8 strings) in $c->uri_for:

    use utf8;
    my $url = $c->uri_for( $c->controller('Root')->action_for('example'), {'♥' => '♥♥'});

When you stringify this object (for use in a template, for example) it will automatically do the right thing regarding utf8 encoding and url encoding.

    http://localhost/example?%E2%99%A5=%E2%99%A5%E2%99%A5

Since again what you want is a properly url encoded version of this. Ultimately what you want to send over the wire via HTTP needs to be bytes (not unicode characters).

Remember if you use any utf8 literals in your source code, you should use the "use utf8" pragma.

NOTE: Assuming UTF-8 in your query parameters and keywords may be an issue if you have legacy code where you created URL in templates manually and used an encoding other than UTF-8. In these cases you may find versions of Catalyst after 5.90080+ will incorrectly decode. For backwards compatibility we offer three configurations settings, here described in order of precedence:

"do_not_decode_query"

If true, then do not try to character decode any wide characters in your request URL query or keywords. You will need to handle this manually in your action code (although if you choose this setting, chances are you already do this).

"default_query_encoding"

This setting allows one to specify a fixed value for how to decode your query, instead of using the default, UTF-8.

"decode_query_using_global_encoding"

If this is true we decode using whatever you set "encoding" to.

UTF8 in Form POST

As a result since Catalyst now serves UTF8 encoded responses by default, this means that you can mostly rely on incoming form POSTs to be so encoded. Catalyst will make this assumption and decode accordingly (unless you explicitly turn off encoding...) If you are running Catalyst in developer debug, then you will see the correct unicode characters in the debug output. For example if you generate a POST request:

    use Catalyst::Test 'MyApp';
    use utf8;

    my $res = request POST "/example/posted", ['♥'=>'♥', '♥♥'=>'♥'];

Running in CATALYST_DEBUG=1 mode you should see output like this:

    [debug] Body Parameters are:
    .-------------------------------------+--------------------------------------.
    | Parameter                           | Value                                |
    +-------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+
    | ♥                                   | ♥                                    |
    | ♥♥                                  | ♥                                    |
    '-------------------------------------+--------------------------------------'

And if you had a controller like this:

    package MyApp::Controller::Example;

    use base 'Catalyst::Controller';

    sub posted :POST Local {
        my ($self, $c) = @_;
        $c->res->content_type('text/plain');
        $c->res->body("hearts => ${\$c->req->post_parameters->{♥}}");
    }

The following test case would be true:

    use Encode 2.21 'decode_utf8';
    is decode_utf8($req->content), 'hearts => ♥';

In this case we decode so that we can print and compare strings with multibyte characters.

NOTE In some cases some browsers may not follow the specification and set the form POST encoding based on the server response. Catalyst itself doesn't attempt any workarounds, but one common approach is to use a hidden form field with a UTF8 value (You might be familiar with this from how Ruby on Rails has HTML form helpers that do that automatically). In that case some browsers will send UTF8 encoded if it notices the hidden input field contains such a character. Also, you can add an HTML attribute to your form tag which many modern browsers will respect to set the encoding (accept-charset="utf-8"). And lastly there are some javascript based tricks and workarounds for even more odd cases (just search the web for this will return a number of approaches. Hopefully as more compliant browsers become popular these edge cases will fade.

NOTE It is possible for a form POST multipart response (normally a file upload) to contain inline content with mixed content character sets and encoding. For example one might create a POST like this:

    use utf8;
    use HTTP::Request::Common;

    my $utf8 = 'test ♥';
    my $shiftjs = 'test テスト';
    my $req = POST '/root/echo_arg',
        Content_Type => 'form-data',
          Content =>  [
            arg0 => 'helloworld',
            Encode::encode('UTF-8','♥') => Encode::encode('UTF-8','♥♥'),
            arg1 => [
              undef, '',
              'Content-Type' =>'text/plain; charset=UTF-8',
              'Content' => Encode::encode('UTF-8', $utf8)],
            arg2 => [
              undef, '',
              'Content-Type' =>'text/plain; charset=SHIFT_JIS',
              'Content' => Encode::encode('SHIFT_JIS', $shiftjs)],
            arg2 => [
              undef, '',
              'Content-Type' =>'text/plain; charset=SHIFT_JIS',
              'Content' => Encode::encode('SHIFT_JIS', $shiftjs)],
          ];

In this case we've created a POST request but each part specifies its own content character set (and setting a content encoding would also be possible). Generally one would not run into this situation in a web browser context but for completeness sake Catalyst will notice if a multipart POST contains parts with complex or extended header information. In these cases we will try to inspect the meta data and do the right thing (in the above case we'd use SHIFT_JIS to decode, not UTF-8). However if after inspecting the headers we cannot figure out how to decode the data, in those cases it will not attempt to apply decoding to the form values. Instead the part will be represented as an instance of an object Catalyst::Request::PartData which will contain all the header information needed for you to perform custom parser of the data.

Ideally we'd fix Catalyst to be smarter about decoding so please submit your cases of this so we can add intelligence to the parser and find a way to extract a valid value out of it.

Summary

    use utf8;
    use warnings;
    use strict;

    package MyApp::Controller::Root;

    use base 'Catalyst::Controller';
    use File::Spec;

    sub scalar_body :Local {
        my ($self, $c) = @_;
        $c->response->content_type('text/html');
        $c->response->body("<p>This is scalar_body action ♥</p>");
    }

    sub stream_write :Local {
        my ($self, $c) = @_;
        $c->response->content_type('text/html');
        $c->response->write("<p>This is stream_write action ♥</p>");
    }

    sub stream_write_fh :Local {
        my ($self, $c) = @_;
        $c->response->content_type('text/html');

        my $writer = $c->res->write_fh;
        $writer->write_encoded('<p>This is stream_write_fh action ♥</p>');
        $writer->close;
    }

    sub stream_body_fh :Local {
        my ($self, $c) = @_;
        my $path = File::Spec->catfile('t', 'utf8.txt');
        open(my $fh, '<', $path) || die "trouble: $!";
        $c->response->content_type('text/html');
        $c->response->body($fh);
    }

Discussion

Currently we only encode if the content type is one of the types which generally expects a UTF8 encoding. This is determined by the following regular expression:

    our $DEFAULT_ENCODE_CONTENT_TYPE_MATCH = qr{text|xml$|javascript$};
    $c->response->content_type =~ /$DEFAULT_ENCODE_CONTENT_TYPE_MATCH/

This is a global variable in Catalyst::Response which is stored in the "encodable_content_type" attribute of $c->response. You may currently alter this directly on the response or globally. In the future we may offer a configuration setting for this.

This would match content-types like the following (examples)

    text/plain
    text/html
    text/xml
    application/javascript
    application/xml
    application/vnd.user+xml

You should set your content type prior to header finalization if you want Catalyst to encode.

NOTE We do not attempt to encode "application/json" since the two most commonly used approaches (Catalyst::View::JSON and Catalyst::Action::REST) have already configured their JSON encoders to produce properly encoding UTF8 responses. If you are rolling your own JSON encoding, you may need to set the encoder to do the right thing (or override the global regular expression to include the JSON media type).

Encoding with Scalar Body

    use utf8;

    sub scalar_body :Local {
        my ($self, $c) = @_;
        $c->response->content_type('text/html');
        $c->response->body("<p>This is scalar_body action ♥</p>");
    }

In general you should need to do nothing else since Catalyst will automatically encode this string during body finalization. The only matter to watch out for is to make sure the string has not already been encoded, as this will result in double encoding errors.

NOTE pay attention to the content-type setting in the example. Catalyst inspects that content type carefully to determine if the body needs encoding).

NOTE If you set the character set of the response Catalyst will skip encoding IF the character set is set to something that doesn't match $c->encoding->mime_name. We will assume if you are setting an alternative character set, that means you want to handle the encoding yourself. However it might be easier to set $c->encoding for a given response cycle since you can override this for a given response. For example here's how to override the default encoding and set the correct character set in the response:

    sub override_encoding :Local {
        my ($self, $c) = @_;
        $c->res->content_type('text/plain');
        $c->encoding(Encode::find_encoding('Shift_JIS'));
        $c->response->body("テスト");
    }

This will use the alternative encoding for a single response.

NOTE If you manually set the content-type character set to whatever $c->encoding->mime_name is set to, we STILL encode, rather than assume your manual setting is a flag to override. This is done to support backward compatible assumptions (in particular Catalyst::View::TT has set a utf-8 character set in its default content-type for ages, even though it does not itself do any encoding on the body response). If you are going to handle encoding manually you may set $c->clear_encoding for a single request response cycle, or as in the above example set an alternative encoding.

Encoding with streaming type responses

Also, if you are going to override $c->encoding (or invoke $c->clear_encoding), you should do that before anything else!

The first streaming method is to use the "write" method on the response object. This method allows 'inlined' streaming and is generally used with blocking style servers.

    sub stream_write :Local {
        my ($self, $c) = @_;
        $c->response->content_type('text/html');
        $c->response->write("<p>This is stream_write action ♥</p>");
    }

You may call the "write" method as often as you need to finish streaming all your content. Catalyst will encode each line in turn as long as the content-type meets the 'encodable types' requirement and $c->encoding is set (which it is, as long as you did not change it).

NOTE If you try to change the encoding after you start the stream, this will invoke an error response. However since you've already started streaming this will not show up as an HTTP error status code, but rather error information in your body response and an error in your logs.

NOTE If you use ->body AFTER using ->write (for example you may do this to write your HTML HEAD information as fast as possible) we expect the contents to body to be encoded as it normally would be if you never called ->write. In general unless you are doing weird custom stuff with encoding this is likely to just already do the correct thing.

The second way to stream a response is to get the response writer object and invoke methods on that directly:

    sub stream_write_fh :Local {
        my ($self, $c) = @_;
        $c->response->content_type('text/html');

        my $writer = $c->res->write_fh;
        $writer->write_encoded('<p>This is stream_write_fh action ♥</p>');
        $writer->close;
    }

This can be used just like the "write" method, but typically you request this object when you want to do a nonblocking style response since the writer object can be closed over or sent to a model that will invoke it in a non blocking manner. For more on using the writer object for non blocking responses you should review the "Catalyst" documentation and also you can look at several articles from last years advent, in particular:

<http://www.catalystframework.org/calendar/2013/10>, <http://www.catalystframework.org/calendar/2013/11>, <http://www.catalystframework.org/calendar/2013/12>, <http://www.catalystframework.org/calendar/2013/13>, <http://www.catalystframework.org/calendar/2013/14>.

The main difference this year is that previously calling ->write_fh would return the actual Plack writer object that was supplied by your Plack application handler, whereas now we wrap that object in a lightweight decorator object that proxies the "write" and "close" methods and supplies an additional "write_encoded" method. "write_encoded" does the exact same thing as "write" except that it will first encode the string when necessary. In general if you are streaming encodable content such as HTML this is the method to use. If you are streaming binary content, you should just use the "write" method (although if the content type is set correctly we would skip encoding anyway, but you may as well avoid the extra noop overhead).

The last style of content response that Catalyst supports is setting the body to a filehandle like object. In this case the object is passed down to the Plack application handler directly and currently we do nothing to set encoding.

    sub stream_body_fh :Local {
        my ($self, $c) = @_;
        my $path = File::Spec->catfile('t', 'utf8.txt');
        open(my $fh, '<', $path) || die "trouble: $!";
        $c->response->content_type('text/html');
        $c->response->body($fh);
    }

In this example we create a filehandle to a text file that contains UTF8 encoded characters. We pass this down without modification, which I think is correct since we don't want to double encode. However this may change in a future development release so please be sure to double check the current docs and changelog. Its possible a future release will require you to to set a encoding on the IO layer level so that we can be sure to properly encode at body finalization. So this is still an edge case we are writing test examples for. But for now if you are returning a filehandle like response, you are expected to make sure you are following the PSGI specification and return raw bytes.

Override the Encoding on Context

    $c->encoding(Encode::find_encoding('Shift_JIS'));

Please note that you can continue to change encoding UNTIL the headers have been finalized. The last setting always wins. Trying to change encoding after header finalization is an error.

Setting the Content Encoding HTTP Header

    use Encode;
    use Compress::Zlib;
    use utf8;

    sub gzipped :Local {
        my ($self, $c) = @_;

        $c->res->content_type('text/plain');
        $c->res->content_type_charset('UTF-8');
        $c->res->content_encoding('gzip');

        $c->response->body(
          Compress::Zlib::memGzip(
            Encode::encode_utf8("manual_1 ♥")));
    }

If you are using Catalyst::Plugin::Compress you need to upgrade to the most recent version in order to be compatible with changes introduced in Catalyst 5.90080. Other plugins may require updates (please open bugs if you find them).

NOTE Content encoding may be set to 'identify' and we will still perform automatic encoding if the content type is encodable and an encoding is present for the context.

Using Common Views

Catalyst::View::TT, Catalyst::View::Mason, Catalyst::View::HTML::Mason, Catalyst::View::Xslate

See Catalyst::Upgrading for additional information on Catalyst extensions that require upgrades.

In generally for the common views you should not need to do anything special. If your actual template files contain UTF8 literals you should set configuration on your View to enable that. For example in TT, if your template has actual UTF8 character in it you should do the following:

    MyApp::View::TT->config(ENCODING => 'utf-8');

However Catalyst::View::Xslate wants to do the UTF8 encoding for you (We assume that the authors of that view did this as a workaround to the fact that until now encoding was not core to Catalyst. So if you use that view, you either need to tell it to not encode, or you need to turn off encoding for Catalyst.

    MyApp::View::Xslate->config(encode_body => 0);

or

    MyApp->config(encoding=>undef);

Preference is to disable it in the View.

Other views may be similar. You should review View documentation and test during upgrading. We tried to make sure most common views worked properly and noted all workaround but if we missed something please alert the development team (instead of introducing a local hack into your application that will mean nobody will ever upgrade it...).

Setting the response from an external PSGI application.

NOTE Even if the character set of the content type is the same as the encoding set in $c->encoding, we still skip encoding. This is a regrettable difference from the general rule outlined above, where if the current character set is the same as the current encoding, we encode anyway. Nevertheless I think this is the correct behavior since the earlier rule exists only to support backward compatibility with Catalyst::View::TT.

In general if you want Catalyst to handle encoding, you should avoid setting the content type character set since Catalyst will do so automatically based on the requested response encoding. Its best to request alternative encodings by setting $c->encoding and if you really want manual control of encoding you should always $c->clear_encoding so that programmers that come after you are very clear as to your intentions.

Disabling default UTF8 encoding

    MyApp->config(encoding=>undef);

Where "MyApp" is your Catalyst subclass.

If you do not wish to disable all the Catalyst encoding features, you may disable specific features via two additional configuration options: 'skip_body_param_unicode_decoding' and 'skip_complex_post_part_handling'. The first will skip any attempt to decode POST parameters in the creating of body parameters and the second will skip creation of instances of Catalyst::Request::PartData in the case that the multipart form upload contains parts with a mix of content character sets.

If you believe you have discovered a bug in UTF8 body encoding, I strongly encourage you to report it (and not try to hack a workaround in your local code). We also recommend that you regard such a workaround as a temporary solution. It is ideal if Catalyst extension authors can start to count on Catalyst doing the right thing for encoding.