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HTML::StripScripts(3) |
User Contributed Perl Documentation |
HTML::StripScripts(3) |
HTML::StripScripts - Strip scripting constructs out of HTML
use HTML::StripScripts;
my $hss = HTML::StripScripts->new({ Context => 'Inline' });
$hss->input_start_document;
$hss->input_start('<i>');
$hss->input_text('hello, world!');
$hss->input_end('</i>');
$hss->input_end_document;
print $hss->filtered_document;
This module strips scripting constructs out of HTML, leaving as much
non-scripting markup in place as possible. This allows web applications to
display HTML originating from an untrusted source without introducing XSS
(cross site scripting) vulnerabilities.
You will probably use HTML::StripScripts::Parser rather than using
this module directly.
The process is based on whitelists of tags, attributes and
attribute values. This approach is the most secure against disguised
scripting constructs hidden in malicious HTML documents.
As well as removing scripting constructs, this module ensures that
there is a matching end for each start tag, and that the tags are properly
nested.
Previously, in order to customise the output, you needed to
subclass "HTML::StripScripts" and override
methods. Now, most customisation can be done through the
"Rules" option provided to
"new()". (See examples/declaration/ and
examples/tags/ for cases where subclassing is necessary.)
The HTML document must be parsed into start tags, end tags and
text before it can be filtered by this module. Use either
HTML::StripScripts::Parser or HTML::StripScripts::Regex instead if you want
to input an unparsed HTML document.
See examples/direct/ for an example of how to feed tokens directly
to
HTML::StripScripts.
- new ( CONFIG )
- Creates a new "HTML::StripScripts"
filter object, bound to a particular filtering policy. If present, the
CONFIG parameter must be a hashref. The following keys are recognized
(unrecognized keys will be silently ignored).
$s = HTML::Stripscripts->new({
Context => 'Document|Flow|Inline|NoTags',
BanList => [qw( br img )] | {br => '1', img => '1'},
BanAllBut => [qw(p div span)],
AllowSrc => 0|1,
AllowHref => 0|1,
AllowRelURL => 0|1,
AllowMailto => 0|1,
EscapeFiltered => 0|1,
Rules => { See below for details },
});
- "Context"
- A string specifying the context in which the filtered document will be
used. This influences the set of tags that will be allowed.
If present, the "Context"
value must be one of:
- "Document"
- If "Context" is
"Document" then the filter will allow a
full HTML document, including the "HTML"
tag and "HEAD" and
"BODY" sections.
- "Flow"
- If "Context" is
"Flow" then most of the cosmetic tags
that one would expect to find in a document body are allowed, including
lists and tables but not including forms.
- "Inline"
- If "Context" is
"Inline" then only inline tags such as
"B" and
"FONT" are allowed.
- "NoTags"
- If "Context" is
"NoTags" then no tags are allowed.
The default "Context" value is
"Flow".
- "BanList"
- If present, this option must be an arrayref or a hashref. Any tag that
would normally be allowed (because it presents no XSS hazard) will be
blocked if the lowercase name of the tag is in this list.
For example, in a guestbook application where
"HR" tags are used to separate posts,
you may wish to prevent posts from including
"HR" tags, even though
"HR" is not an XSS risk.
- "BanAllBut"
- If present, this option must be reference to an array holding a list of
lowercase tag names. This has the effect of adding all but the listed tags
to the ban list, so that only those tags listed will be allowed.
- "AllowSrc"
- By default, the filter won't allow constructs that cause the browser to
fetch things automatically, such as
"SRC" attributes in
"IMG" tags. If this option is present
and true then those constructs will be allowed.
- "AllowHref"
- By default, the filter won't allow constructs that cause the browser to
fetch things if the user clicks on something, such as the
"HREF" attribute in
"A" tags. Set this option to a true
value to allow this type of construct.
- "AllowRelURL"
- By default, the filter won't allow relative URLs such as
"../foo.html" in
"SRC" and
"HREF" attribute values. Set this option
to a true value to allow them.
"AllowHref" and / or
"AllowSrc" also need to be set to true
for this to have any effect.
- "AllowMailto"
- By default, "mailto:" links are not
allowed. If "AllowMailto" is set to a
true value, then this construct will be allowed. This can be enabled
separately from AllowHref.
- "EscapeFiltered"
- By default, any filtered tags are outputted as
"<!--filtered-->". If
"EscapeFiltered" is set to a true value,
then the filtered tags are converted to HTML entities.
For instance:
<br> --> <br>
- "Rules"
- The "Rules" option provides a very
flexible way of customising the filter.
The focus is safety-first, so it is applied after all of the
previous validation. This means that you cannot all malicious data
should already have been cleared.
Rules can be specified for tags and for attributes. Any tag or
attribute not explicitly listed will be handled by the default
"*" rules.
The following is a synopsis of all of the options that you can
use to configure rules. Below, an example is broken into sections and
explained.
Rules => {
tag => 0 | 1 | sub { tag_callback }
| {
attr => 0 | 1 | 'regex' | qr/regex/ | sub { attr_callback},
'*' => 0 | 1 | 'regex' | qr/regex/ | sub { attr_callback},
required => [qw(attrname attrname)],
tag => sub { tag_callback }
},
'*' => 0 | 1 | sub { tag_callback }
| {
attr => 0 | 1 | 'regex' | qr/regex/ | sub { attr_callback},
'*' => 0 | 1 | 'regex' | qr/regex/ | sub { attr_callback},
tag => sub { tag_callback }
}
}
EXAMPLE:
Rules => {
##########################
##### EXPLICIT RULES #####
##########################
## Allow <br> tags, reject <img> tags
br => 1,
img => 0,
## Send all <div> tags to a sub
div => sub { tag_callback },
## Allow <blockquote> tags,and allow the 'cite' attribute
## All other attributes are handled by the default C<*>
blockquote => {
cite => 1,
},
## Allow <a> tags, and
a => {
## Allow the 'title' attribute
title => 1,
## Allow the 'href' attribute if it matches the regex
href => '^http://yourdomain.com'
OR href => qr{^http://yourdomain.com},
## 'style' attributes are handled by a sub
style => sub { attr_callback },
## All other attributes are rejected
'*' => 0,
## Additionally, the <a> tag should be handled by this sub
tag => sub { tag_callback},
## If the <a> tag doesn't have these attributes, filter the tag
required => [qw(href title)],
},
##########################
##### DEFAULT RULES #####
##########################
## The default '*' rule - accepts all the same options as above.
## If a tag or attribute is not mentioned above, then the default
## rule is applied:
## Reject all tags
'*' => 0,
## Allow all tags and all attributes
'*' => 1,
## Send all tags to the sub
'*' => sub { tag_callback },
## Allow all tags, reject all attributes
'*' => { '*' => 0 },
## Allow all tags, and
'*' => {
## Allow the 'title' attribute
title => 1,
## Allow the 'href' attribute if it matches the regex
href => '^http://yourdomain.com'
OR href => qr{^http://yourdomain.com},
## 'style' attributes are handled by a sub
style => sub { attr_callback },
## All other attributes are rejected
'*' => 0,
## Additionally, all tags should be handled by this sub
tag => sub { tag_callback},
},
- Tag Callbacks
-
sub tag_callback {
my ($filter,$element) = (@_);
$element = {
tag => 'tag',
content => 'inner_html',
attr => {
attr_name => 'attr_value',
}
};
return 0 | 1;
}
A tag callback accepts two parameters, the
$filter object and the C$element>. It should
return 0 to completely ignore the tag and its
content (which includes any nested HTML tags), or
1 to accept and output the tag.
The $element is a hash ref containing
the keys:
- "tag"
- This is the tagname in lowercase, eg
"a",
"br",
"img". If you set the tag value to an
empty string, then the tag will not be outputted, but the tag contents
will.
- "content"
- This is the equivalent of DOM's innerHTML. It contains the text content
and any HTML tags contained within this element. You can change the
content or set it to an empty string so that it is not outputted.
- "attr"
- "attr" contains a hashref containing the
attribute names and values
If for instance, you wanted to replace
"<b>" tags with
"<span>" tags, you could do
this:
sub b_callback {
my ($filter,$element) = @_;
$element->{tag} = 'span';
$element->{attr}{style} = 'font-weight:bold';
return 1;
}
- Attribute Callbacks
-
sub attr_callback {
my ( $filter, $tag, $attr_name, $attr_val ) = @_;
return undef | '' | 'value';
}
Attribute callbacks accept four parameters, the
$filter object, the $tag
name, the $attr_name and the
$attr_value.
It should return either
"undef" to reject the attribute, or
the value to be used. An empty string keeps the attribute, but without a
value.
- "BanList" vs "BanAllBut" vs "Rules"
- It is not necessary to use "BanList" or
"BanAllBut" - everything can be done via
"Rules", however it may be simpler to
write:
BanAllBut => [qw(p div span)]
The logic works as follows:
* If BanAllBut exists, then ban everything but the tags in the list
* Add to the ban list any elements in BanList
* Any tags mentioned explicitly in Rules (eg a => 0, br => 1)
are added or removed from the BanList
* A default rule of { '*' => 0 } would ban all tags except
those mentioned in Rules
* A default rule of { '*' => 1 } would allow all tags except
those disallowed in the ban list, or by explicit rules
This class provides the following methods:
- hss_init ()
- This method is called by new() and does the actual initialisation
work for the new HTML::StripScripts object.
- input_start_document ()
- This method initializes the filter, and must be called once before
starting on each HTML document to be filtered.
- input_start ( TEXT )
- Handles a start tag from the input document. TEXT must be the full text of
the tag, including angle-brackets.
- input_end ( TEXT )
- Handles an end tag from the input document. TEXT must be the full text of
the end tag, including angle-brackets.
- input_text ( TEXT )
- Handles some non-tag text from the input document.
- input_process ( TEXT )
- Handles a processing instruction from the input document.
- input_comment ( TEXT )
- Handles an HTML comment from the input document.
- input_declaration ( TEXT )
- Handles an declaration from the input document.
- input_end_document ()
- Call this method to signal the end of the input document.
- filtered_document ()
- Returns the filtered document as a string.
The only reason for subclassing this module now is to add to the list of
accepted tags, attributes and styles (See "WHITELIST INITIALIZATION
METHODS"). Everything else can be achieved with "Rules".
The "HTML::StripScripts" class
is subclassable. Filter objects are plain hashes and
"HTML::StripScripts" reserves only hash
keys that start with "_hss". The filter
configuration can be set up by invoking the hss_init() method, which
takes the same arguments as new().
The filter outputs a stream of start tags, end tags, text, comments,
declarations and processing instructions, via the following
"output_*" methods. Subclasses may override
these to intercept the filter output.
The default implementations of the
"output_*" methods pass the text on to the
output() method. The default implementation of the output()
method appends the text to a string, which can be fetched with the
filtered_document() method once processing is complete.
If the output() method or the individual
"output_*" methods are overridden in a
subclass, then filtered_document() will not work in that
subclass.
- output_start_document ()
- This method gets called once at the start of each HTML document passed
through the filter. The default implementation does nothing.
- output_end_document ()
- This method gets called once at the end of each HTML document passed
through the filter. The default implementation does nothing.
- output_start ( TEXT )
- This method is used to output a filtered start tag.
- output_end ( TEXT )
- This method is used to output a filtered end tag.
- output_text ( TEXT )
- This method is used to output some filtered non-tag text.
- output_declaration ( TEXT )
- This method is used to output a filtered declaration.
- output_comment ( TEXT )
- This method is used to output a filtered HTML comment.
- output_process ( TEXT )
- This method is used to output a filtered processing instruction.
- output ( TEXT )
- This method is invoked by all of the default
"output_*" methods. The default
implementation appends the text to the string that the
filtered_document() method will return.
- output_stack_entry ( TEXT )
- This method is invoked when a tag plus all text and nested HTML content
within the tag has been processed. It adds the tag plus its content to the
content for its parent tag.
When the filter encounters something in the input document which it cannot
transform into an acceptable construct, it invokes one of the following
"reject_*" methods to put something in the
output document to take the place of the unacceptable construct.
The TEXT parameter is the full text of the unacceptable
construct.
The default implementations of these methods output an HTML
comment containing the text "filtered". If
"EscapeFiltered" is set to true, then the rejected text is HTML
escaped instead.
Subclasses may override these methods, but should exercise
caution. The TEXT parameter is unfiltered input and may contain malicious
constructs.
- reject_start ( TEXT )
- reject_end ( TEXT )
- reject_text ( TEXT )
- reject_declaration ( TEXT )
- reject_comment ( TEXT )
- reject_process ( TEXT )
The filter refers to various whitelists to determine which constructs are
acceptable. To modify these whitelists, subclasses can override the following
methods.
Each method is called once at object initialization time, and must
return a reference to a nested data structure. These references are
installed into the object, and used whenever the filter needs to refer to a
whitelist.
The default implementations of these methods can be invoked as
class methods.
See examples/tags/ and examples/declaration/ for examples of how
to override these methods.
- init_context_whitelist ()
- Returns a reference to the "Context"
whitelist, which determines which tags may appear at each point in the
document, and which other tags may be nested within them.
It is a hash, and the keys are context names, such as
"Flow" and
"Inline".
The values in the hash are hashrefs. The keys in these
subhashes are lowercase tag names, and the values are context names,
specifying the context that the tag provides to any other tags nested
within it.
The special context "EMPTY"
as a value in a subhash indicates that nothing can be nested within that
tag.
- init_attrib_whitelist ()
- Returns a reference to the "Attrib"
whitelist, which determines which attributes each tag can have and the
values that those attributes can take.
It is a hash, and the keys are lowercase tag names.
The values in the hash are hashrefs. The keys in these
subhashes are lowercase attribute names, and the values are attribute
value class names, which are short strings describing the type of values
that the attribute can take, such as
"color" or
"number".
- init_attval_whitelist ()
- Returns a reference to the "AttVal"
whitelist, which is a hash that maps attribute value class names from the
"Attrib" whitelist to coderefs to subs
to validate (and optionally transform) a particular attribute value.
The filter calls the attribute value validation subs with the
following parameters:
- "filter"
- A reference to the filter object.
- "tagname"
- The lowercase name of the tag in which the attribute appears.
- "attrname"
- The name of the attribute.
- "attrval"
- The attribute value found in the input document, in canonical form (see
"CANONICAL FORM").
The validation sub can return undef to indicate that the attribute
should be removed from the tag, or it can return the new value for the
attribute, in canonical form.
- init_style_whitelist ()
- Returns a reference to the "Style"
whitelist, which determines which CSS style directives are permitted in
"style" tag attributes. The keys are
value names such as "color" and
"background-color", and the values are
class names to be used as keys into the
"AttVal" whitelist.
- init_deinter_whitelist
- Returns a reference to the "DeInter"
whitelist, which determines which inline tags the filter should attempt to
automatically de-interleave if they are encountered interleaved. For
example, the filter will transform:
<b>hello <i>world</b> !</i>
Into:
<b>hello <i>world</i></b><i> !</i>
because both "b" and
"i" appear as keys in the
"DeInter" whitelist.
These methods transform attribute values and non-tag text from the input
document into canonical form (see "CANONICAL FORM"), and transform
text in canonical form into a suitable form for the output document.
- text_to_canonical_form ( TEXT )
- This method is used to reduce non-tag text from the input document to
canonical form before passing it to the filter_text() method.
The default implementation unescapes all entities that map to
"US-ASCII" characters other than
ampersand, and replaces any ampersands that don't form part of valid
entities with "&".
- quoted_to_canonical_form ( VALUE )
- This method is used to reduce attribute values quoted with doublequotes or
singlequotes to canonical form before passing it to the handler subs in
the "AttVal" whitelist.
The default behavior is the same as that of
"text_to_canonical_form()", plus it
converts any CR, LF or TAB characters to spaces.
- unquoted_to_canonical_form ( VALUE )
- This method is used to reduce attribute values without quotes to canonical
form before passing it to the handler subs in the
"AttVal" whitelist.
The default implementation simply replaces all ampersands with
"&", since that corresponds
with the way most browsers treat entities in unquoted values.
- canonical_form_to_text ( TEXT )
- This method is used to convert the text in canonical form returned by the
filter_text() method to a form suitable for inclusion in the output
document.
The default implementation runs anything that doesn't look
like a valid entity through the escape_html_metachars()
method.
- canonical_form_to_attval ( ATTVAL )
- This method is used to convert the text in canonical form returned by the
"AttVal" handler subs to a form suitable
for inclusion in doublequotes in the output tag.
The default implementation converts CR, LF and TAB characters
to a single space, and runs anything that doesn't look like a valid
entity through the escape_html_metachars() method.
- validate_href_attribute ( TEXT )
- If the "AllowHref" filter configuration
option is set, then this method is used to validate
"href" type attribute values. TEXT is
the attribute value in canonical form. Returns a possibly modified
attribute value (in canonical form) or
"undef" to reject the attribute.
The default implementation allows only absolute
"http" and
"https" URLs, permits port numbers and
query strings, and imposes reasonable length limits.
It does not URI escape the query string, and it does not
guarantee properly formatted URIs, it just tries to give safe URIs. You
can always use an attribute callback (see "Attribute
Callbacks") to provide stricter handling.
- validate_mailto ( TEXT )
- If the "AllowMailto" filter
configuration option is set, then this method is used to validate
"href" type attribute values which begin
with "mailto:". TEXT is the attribute
value in canonical form. Returns a possibly modified attribute value (in
canonical form) or "undef" to reject the
attribute.
This uses a lightweight regex and does not guarantee that
email addresses are properly formatted. You can always use an attribute
callback (see "Attribute Callbacks") to provide stricter
handling.
- validate_src_attribute ( TEXT )
- If the "AllowSrc" filter configuration
option is set, then this method is used to validate
"src" type attribute values. TEXT is the
attribute value in canonical form. Returns a possibly modified attribute
value (in canonical form) or "undef" to
reject the attribute.
The default implementation behaves as
validate_href_attribute().
As well as the output, reject, init and cdata methods listed above, it might
make sense for subclasses to override the following methods:
- filter_text ( TEXT )
- This method will be invoked to filter blocks of non-tag text in the input
document. Both input and output are in canonical form, see "CANONICAL
FORM".
The default implementation does no filtering.
- escape_html_metachars ( TEXT )
- This method is used to escape all HTML metacharacters in TEXT. The return
value must be a copy of TEXT with metacharacters escaped.
The default implementation escapes a minimal set of
metacharacters for security against XSS vulnerabilities. The set of
characters to escape is a compromise between the need for security and
the need to ensure that the filter will work for documents in as many
different character sets as possible.
Subclasses which make strong assumptions about the document
character set will be able to escape much more aggressively.
- strip_nonprintable ( TEXT )
- Returns a copy of TEXT with runs of nonprintable characters replaced with
spaces or some other harmless string. Avoids replacing anything with the
empty string, as that can lead to other security issues.
The default implementation strips out only NULL characters, in
order to avoid scrambling text for as many different character sets as
possible.
Subclasses which make some sort of assumption about the
character set in use will be able to have a much wider definition of a
nonprintable character, and hence a more secure
strip_nonprintable() implementation.
References to the following subs appear in the
"AttVal" whitelist returned by the
init_attval_whitelist() method.
- _hss_attval_style( FILTER, TAGNAME, ATTRNAME, ATTRVAL )
- Attribute value hander for the "style"
attribute.
- _hss_attval_size ( FILTER, TAGNAME, ATTRNAME, ATTRVAL )
- Attribute value handler for attributes who's values are some sort of size
or length.
- _hss_attval_number ( FILTER, TAGNAME, ATTRNAME, ATTRVAL )
- Attribute value handler for attributes who's values are a simple
integer.
- _hss_attval_color ( FILTER, TAGNAME, ATTRNAME, ATTRVAL )
- Attribute value handler for color attributes.
- _hss_attval_text ( FILTER, TAGNAME, ATTRNAME, ATTRVAL )
- Attribute value handler for text attributes.
- _hss_attval_word ( FILTER, TAGNAME, ATTRNAME, ATTRVAL )
- Attribute value handler for attributes who's values must consist of a
single short word, with minus characters permitted.
- _hss_attval_wordlist ( FILTER, TAGNAME, ATTRNAME, ATTRVAL )
- Attribute value handler for attributes who's values must consist of one or
more words, separated by spaces and/or commas.
- _hss_attval_wordlistq ( FILTER, TAGNAME, ATTRNAME, ATTRVAL )
- Attribute value handler for attributes who's values must consist of one or
more words, separated by commas, with optional doublequotes around words
and spaces allowed within the doublequotes.
- _hss_attval_href ( FILTER, TAGNAME, ATTRNAME, ATTRVAL )
- Attribute value handler for "href" type
attributes. If the "AllowHref" or
"AllowMailto" configuration options are
set, uses the validate_href_attribute() method to check the
attribute value.
- _hss_attval_src ( FILTER, TAGNAME, ATTRNAME, ATTRVAL )
- Attribute value handler for "src" type
attributes. If the "AllowSrc"
configuration option is set, uses the validate_src_attribute()
method to check the attribute value.
- _hss_attval_stylesrc ( FILTER, TAGNAME, ATTRNAME, ATTRVAL )
- Attribute value handler for "src" type
style pseudo attributes.
- _hss_attval_novalue ( FILTER, TAGNAME, ATTRNAME, ATTRVAL )
- Attribute value handler for attributes that have no value or a value that
is ignored. Just returns the attribute name as the value.
Many of the methods described above deal with text from the input document,
encoded in what I call "canonical form",
defined as follows:
All characters other than ampersands represent themselves. Literal
ampersands are encoded as "&". Non
"US-ASCII" characters may appear as
literals in whatever character set is in use, or they may appear as named or
numeric HTML entities such as
"æ",
"穩" and
"ÿ". Unknown named entities such
as "&foo;" may appear.
The idea is to be able to be able to reduce input text to a
minimal form, without making too many assumptions about the character set in
use.
The following methods are internal to this class, and should not be invoked from
elsewhere. Subclasses should not use or override these methods.
- _hss_prepare_ban_list (CFG)
- Returns a hash ref representing all the banned tags, based on the values
of BanList and BanAllBut
- _hss_prepare_rules (CFG)
- Returns a hash ref representing the tag and attribute rules (See
"Rules").
Returns undef if no filters are specified, in which case the
attribute filter code has very little performance impact. If any rules
are specified, then every tag and attribute is checked.
- _hss_get_attr_filter ( DEFAULT_FILTERS TAG_FILTERS ATTR_NAME)
- Returns the attribute filter rule to apply to this particular attribute.
Checks for:
- a named attribute rule in a named tag
- a default * attribute rule in a named tag
- a named attribute rule in the default * rules
- a default * attribute rule in the default * rules
- _hss_join_attribs (FILTERED_ATTRIBS)
- Accepts a hash ref containing the attribute names as the keys, and the
attribute values as the values. Escapes them and returns a string ready
for output to HTML
- _hss_decode_numeric ( NUMERIC )
- Returns the string that should replace the numeric entity NUMERIC in the
text_to_canonical_form() method.
- _hss_tag_is_banned ( TAGNAME )
- Returns true if the lower case tag name TAGNAME is on the list of harmless
tags that the filter is configured to block, false otherwise.
- _hss_get_to_valid_context ( TAG )
- Tries to get the filter to a context in which the tag TAG is allowed, by
introducing extra end tags or start tags if necessary. TAG can be either
the lower case name of a tag or the string 'CDATA'.
Returns 1 if an allowed context is reached, or 0 if there's no
reasonable way to get to an allowed context and the tag should just be
rejected.
- _hss_close_innermost_tag ()
- Closes the innermost open tag.
- _hss_context ()
- Returns the current named context of the filter.
- _hss_valid_in_context ( TAG, CONTEXT )
- Returns true if the lowercase tag name TAG is valid in context CONTEXT,
false otherwise.
- _hss_valid_in_current_context ( TAG )
- Returns true if the lowercase tag name TAG is valid in the filter's
current context, false otherwise.
- Performance
- This module does a lot of work to ensure that tags are correctly nested
and are not left open, causing unnecessary overhead for applications where
that doesn't matter.
Such applications may benefit from using the more lightweight
HTML::Scrubber::StripScripts module instead.
- Strictness
- URIs and email addresses are cleaned up to be safe, but not necessarily
accurate. That would have required adding dependencies. Attribute
callbacks can be used to add this functionality if required, or the
validation methods can be overridden.
By default, filtered HTML may not be valid strict XHTML, for
instance empty required attributes may be outputted. However, with
"Rules", it should be possible to force the HTML to
validate.
- REPORTING BUGS
- Please report any bugs or feature requests to
bug-html-stripscripts@rt.cpan.org, or through the web interface at
<http://rt.cpan.org>.
HTML::Parser, HTML::StripScripts::Parser, HTML::StripScripts::Regex
Original author Nick Cleaton <nick@cleaton.net>
New code added and module maintained by Clinton Gormley
<clint@traveljury.com>
Copyright (C) 2003 Nick Cleaton. All Rights Reserved.
Copyright (C) 2007 Clinton Gormley. All Rights Reserved.
This module is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the
same terms as Perl itself.
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