NAME

Moose::Cookbook::Basics::Person_BUILDARGSAndBUILD - Using BUILDARGS and BUILD to hook into object construction

VERSION

version 2.2201

SYNOPSIS

  package Person;

  has 'ssn' => (
      is        => 'ro',
      isa       => 'Str',
      predicate => 'has_ssn',
  );

  has 'country_of_residence' => (
      is      => 'ro',
      isa     => 'Str',
      default => 'usa'
  );

  has 'first_name' => (
      is  => 'ro',
      isa => 'Str',
  );

  has 'last_name' => (
      is  => 'ro',
      isa => 'Str',
  );

  around BUILDARGS => sub {
      my $orig = shift;
      my $class = shift;

      if ( @_ == 1 && ! ref $_[0] ) {
          return $class->$orig(ssn => $_[0]);
      }
      else {
          return $class->$orig(@_);
      }
  };

  sub BUILD {
      my $self = shift;

      if ( $self->country_of_residence eq 'usa' ) {
          die 'Cannot create a Person who lives in the USA without an ssn.'
              unless $self->has_ssn;
      }
  }

DESCRIPTION

This recipe demonstrates the use of "BUILDARGS" and "BUILD". By defining these methods, we can hook into the object construction process without overriding "new".

The "BUILDARGS" method is called before an object has been created. It is called as a class method, and receives all of the parameters passed to the "new" method. It is expected to do something with these arguments and return a hash reference. The keys of the hash must be attribute "init_arg"s.

The primary purpose of "BUILDARGS" is to allow a class to accept something other than named arguments. In the case of our "Person" class, we are allowing it to be called with a single argument, a social security number:

  my $person = Person->new('123-45-6789');

The key part of our "BUILDARGS" is this conditional:

      if ( @_ == 1 && ! ref $_[0] ) {
          return $class->$orig(ssn => $_[0]);
      }

By default, Moose constructors accept a list of key-value pairs, or a hash reference. We need to make sure that $_[0] is not a reference before assuming it is a social security number.

We call the original "BUILDARGS" method to handle all the other cases. You should always do this in your own "BUILDARGS" methods, since Moose::Object provides its own "BUILDARGS" method that handles hash references and a list of key-value pairs.

The "BUILD" method is called after the object is constructed, but before it is returned to the caller. The "BUILD" method provides an opportunity to check the object state as a whole. This is a good place to put logic that cannot be expressed as a type constraint on a single attribute.

In the "Person" class, we need to check the relationship between two attributes, "ssn" and "country_of_residence". We throw an exception if the object is not logically consistent.

MORE CONSIDERATIONS

This recipe is made significantly simpler because all of the attributes are read-only. If the "country_of_residence" attribute were settable, we would need to check that a Person had an "ssn" if the new country was "usa". This could be done with a "before" modifier.

CONCLUSION

We have repeatedly discouraged overriding "new" in Moose classes. This recipe shows how you can use "BUILDARGS" and "BUILD" to hook into object construction without overriding "new".

The "BUILDARGS" method lets us expand on Moose's built-in parameter handling for constructors. The "BUILD" method lets us implement logical constraints across the whole object after it is created.

AUTHORS

Stevan Little <stevan@cpan.org>
Dave Rolsky <autarch@urth.org>
Jesse Luehrs <doy@cpan.org>
Shawn M Moore <sartak@cpan.org>
יובל קוג'מן (Yuval Kogman) <nothingmuch@woobling.org>
Karen Etheridge <ether@cpan.org>
Florian Ragwitz <rafl@debian.org>
Hans Dieter Pearcey <hdp@cpan.org>
Chris Prather <chris@prather.org>
Matt S Trout <mstrout@cpan.org>

COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE

This is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as the Perl 5 programming language system itself.