Constructor

new

new() creates and returns a new POE::Wheel::Run object. If it's successful, the object will represent a child process with certain specified qualities. It also provides an OO- and event-based interface for asynchronously interacting with the process.

Conduit

Conduit specifies the inter-process communications mechanism that will be used to pass data between the parent and child process. Conduit may be one of "pipe", "socketpair", "inet", "pty", or "pty-pipe". POE::Wheel::Run will use the most appropriate Conduit for the run-time (not the compile-time) operating system, but this varies from one OS to the next.

Internally, POE::Wheel::Run passes the Conduit type to POE::Pipe::OneWay and POE::Pipe::TwoWay. These helper classes were created to make IPC portable and reusable. They do not require the rest of POE.

Three Conduit types use pipes or pipelike inter-process communication: "pipe", "socketpair" and "inet". They determine whether the internal IPC uses pipe(), socketpair() or Internet sockets. These Conduit values are passed through to POE::Pipe::OneWay or POE::Pipe::TwoWay internally.

The "pty" conduit type runs the child process under a pseudo-tty, which is created by IO::Pty. Pseudo-ttys (ptys) convince child processes that they are interacting with terminals rather than pipes. This may be used to trick programs like ssh into believing it's secure to prompt for a password, although passphraseless identities might be better for that.

The "pty" conduit cannot separate STDERR from STDOUT, but the "pty-pipe" mode can.

The "pty-pipe" conduit uses a pty for STDIN and STDOUT and a one-way pipe for STDERR. The additional pipe keeps STDERR output separate from STDOUT.

The IO::Pty module is only loaded if "pty" or "pty-pipe" is used. It's not a dependency until it's actually needed.

Winsize

Winsize sets the child process' terminal size. Its value should be an arrayref with four elements. The first two elements must be the number of lines and columns for the child's terminal window, respectively. The second pair of elements describe the terminal's X and Y dimensions in pixels. If the last pair is missing, they will be calculated from the lines and columns using a 9x16 cell size.

  $_[HEAP]{child} = POE::Wheel::Run->new(
    # ... among other things ...
    Winsize => [ 25, 80, 720, 400 ],
  );

Winsize is only valid for conduits that use pseudo-ttys: "pty" and "pty-pipe". Other conduits don't simulate terminals, so they don't have window sizes.

Winsize defaults to the parent process' window size, assuming the parent process has a terminal to query.

CloseOnCall

CloseOnCall, when true, turns on close-on-exec emulation for subprocesses that don't actually call exec(). These would be instances when the child is running a block of code rather than executing an external program. For example:

  $_[HEAP]{child} = POE::Wheel::Run->new(
    # ... among other things ...
    CloseOnCall => 1,
    Program => \&some_function,
  );

CloseOnCall is off (0) by default.

CloseOnCall works by closing all file descriptors greater than $^F in the child process before calling the application's code. For more details, please the discussion of $^F in perlvar.

StdioDriver

StdioDriver specifies a single POE::Driver object to be used for both STDIN and STDOUT. It's equivalent to setting "StdinDriver" and "StdoutDriver" to the same POE::Driver object.

POE::Wheel::Run will create and use a POE::Driver::SysRW driver of one isn't specified. This is by far the most common use case, so it's the default.

StdinDriver

"StdinDriver" sets the POE::Driver used to write to the child process' STDIN IPC conduit. It is almost never needed. Omitting it will allow POE::Wheel::Run to use an internally created POE::Driver::SysRW object.

StdoutDriver

"StdoutDriver" sets the POE::Driver object that will be used to read from the child process' STDOUT conduit. It's almost never needed. If omitted, POE::Wheel::Run will internally create and use a POE::Driver::SysRW object.

StderrDriver

"StderrDriver" sets the driver that will be used to read from the child process' STDERR conduit. As with "StdoutDriver", it's almost always preferable to let POE::Wheel::Run instantiate its own driver.

CloseEvent

CloseEvent contains the name of an event that the wheel will emit when the child process closes its last open output handle. This is a consistent notification that the child is done sending output. Please note that it does not signal when the child process has exited. Programs should use sig_child() to detect that.

While it is impossible for ErrorEvent or StdoutEvent to happen after CloseEvent, there is no such guarantee for CHLD, which may happen before or after CloseEvent.

In addition to the usual POE parameters, each CloseEvent comes with one of its own:

"ARG0" contains the wheel's unique ID. This can be used to keep several child processes separate when they're managed by the same session.

A sample close event handler:

  sub close_state {
    my ($heap, $wheel_id) = @_[HEAP, ARG0];

    my $child = delete $heap->{child}->{$wheel_id};
    print "Child ", $child->PID, " has finished.\n";
  }

ErrorEvent

ErrorEvent contains the name of an event to emit if something fails. It is optional; if omitted, the wheel will not notify its session if any errors occur. However, POE::Wheel::Run->new() will still throw an exception if it fails.

"ARG0" contains the name of the operation that failed. It may be 'read', 'write', 'fork', 'exec' or the name of some other function or task. The actual values aren't yet defined. They will probably not correspond so neatly to Perl builtin function names.

"ARG1" and "ARG2" hold numeric and string values for $!, respectively. "$!" will eq "" for read error 0 (child process closed the file handle).

"ARG3" contains the wheel's unique ID.

"ARG4" contains the name of the child filehandle that has the error. It may be "STDIN", "STDOUT", or "STDERR". The sense of "ARG0" will be the opposite of what you might normally expect for these handles. For example, POE::Wheel::Run will report a "read" error on "STDOUT" because it tried to read data from the child's STDOUT handle.

A sample error event handler:

  sub error_state {
    my ($operation, $errnum, $errstr, $wheel_id) = @_[ARG0..ARG3];
    $errstr = "remote end closed" if $operation eq "read" and !$errnum;
    warn "Wheel $wheel_id generated $operation error $errnum: $errstr\n";
  }

Note that unless you deactivate the signal pipe, you might also see "EIO" (5) error during read operations.

StdinEvent

StdinEvent contains the name of an event that Wheel::Run emits whenever everything queued by its put() method has been flushed to the child's STDIN handle. It is the equivalent to POE::Wheel::ReadWrite's FlushedEvent.

StdinEvent comes with only one additional parameter: "ARG0" contains the unique ID for the wheel that sent the event.

StdoutEvent

StdoutEvent contains the name of an event that Wheel::Run emits whenever the child process writes something to its STDOUT filehandle. In other words, whatever the child prints to STDOUT, the parent receives a StdoutEvent---provided that the child prints something compatible with the parent's StdoutFilter.

StdoutEvent comes with two parameters. "ARG0" contains the information that the child wrote to STDOUT. "ARG1" holds the unique ID of the wheel that read the output.

  sub stdout_state {
    my ($heap, $input, $wheel_id) = @_[HEAP, ARG0, ARG1];
    print "Child process in wheel $wheel_id wrote to STDOUT: $input\n";
  }

StderrEvent

StderrEvent behaves exactly as StdoutEvent, except for data the child process writes to its STDERR filehandle.

StderrEvent comes with two parameters. "ARG0" contains the information that the child wrote to STDERR. "ARG1" holds the unique ID of the wheel that read the output.

  sub stderr_state {
    my ($heap, $input, $wheel_id) = @_[HEAP, ARG0, ARG1];
    print "Child process in wheel $wheel_id wrote to STDERR: $input\n";
  }

RedirectStdout

This is a filehandle or filename to which standard output will be redirected. It is an error to use this option together with StdoutEvent. This is useful in case your program needs to have standard I/O, but do not actually care for its contents to be visible to the parent.

RedirectStderr

Just like RedirectStdout, but with standard error. It is an error to use this together with StderrEvent

RedirectStdin

This is a filehandle or filename which the child process will use as its standard input. It is an error to use this option with StdinEvent

RedirectOutput

This will redirect stderr and stdout to the same filehandle. This is equivalent to do doing something like

  $ something > /path/to/output 2>&1

in bourne shell.

NoStdin

While output filehandles will be closed if there are no events to be received on them, stdin is open by default - because lack of an event handler does not necessarily mean there is no desired input stream. This option explicitly disables the creation of an IPC stdin conduit.

StdioFilter

StdioFilter, if used, must contain an instance of a POE::Filter subclass. This filter describes how the parent will format put() data for the child's STDIN, and how the parent will parse the child's STDOUT.

If STDERR will also be parsed, then a separate StderrFilter will also be needed.

StdioFilter defaults to a POE::Filter::Line instance, but only if both StdinFilter and StdoutFilter are not specified. If either StdinFilter or StdoutFilter is used, then StdioFilter is illegal.

StdinFilter

StdinFilter may be used to specify a particular STDIN serializer that is different from the STDOUT parser. If specified, it conflicts with StdioFilter. StdinFilter's value, if specified, must be an instance of a POE::Filter subclass.

Without a StdinEvent, StdinFilter is illegal.

StdoutFilter

StdoutFilter may be used to specify a particular STDOUT parser that is different from the STDIN serializer. If specified, it conflicts with StdioFilter. StdoutFilter's value, if specified, must be an instance of a POE::Filter subclass.

Without a StdoutEvent, StdoutFilter is illegal.

StderrFilter

StderrFilter may be used to specify a filter for a child process' STDERR output. If omitted, POE::Wheel::Run will create and use its own POE::Filter::Line instance, but only if a StderrEvent is specified.

Without a StderrEvent, StderrFilter is illegal.

Group

Group contains a numeric group ID that the child process should run within. By default, the child process will run in the same group as the parent.

Group is not fully portable. It may not work on systems that have no concept of user groups. Also, the parent process may need to run with elevated privileges for the child to be able to change groups.

User

User contains a numeric user ID that should own the child process. By default, the child process will run as the same user as the parent.

User is not fully portable. It may not work on systems that have no concept of users. Also, the parent process may need to run with elevated privileges for the child to be able to change users.

NoSetSid

When true, NoSetSid disables setsid() in the child process. By default, the child process calls setsid() is called so that it may execute in a separate UNIX session.

NoSetPgrp

When true, NoSetPgrp disables setprgp() in the child process. By default, the child process calls setpgrp() to change its process group, if the OS supports that.

setsid() is used instead of setpgrp() if Conduit is pty or pty-pipe. See "NoSetSid".

Priority

Priority adjusts the child process' niceness or priority level, depending on which (if any) the underlying OS supports. Priority contains a numeric offset which will be added to the parent's priority to determine the child's.

The priority offset may be negative, which in UNIX represents a higher priority. However UNIX requires elevated privileges to increase a process' priority.

Program

Program specifies the program to exec() or the block of code to run in the child process. Program's type is significant.

If Program holds a scalar, its value will be executed as exec($program). Shell metacharacters are significant, per exec(SCALAR) semantics.

If Program holds an array reference, it will executed as exec(@$program). As per exec(ARRAY), shell metacharacters will not be significant.

If Program holds a code reference, that code will be called in the child process. This mode allows POE::Wheel::Run to execute long-running internal code asynchronously, while the usual modes execute external programs. The child process will exit after that code is finished, in such a way as to avoid DESTROY and END block execution. See "Coderef Execution Side Effects" for more details.

perlfunc has more information about exec() and the different ways to call it.

Please avoid calling exit() explicitly when executing a subroutine. The child process inherits all objects from the parent, including ones that may perform side effects. POE::Wheel::Run takes special care to avoid object destructors and END blocks in the child process, but calling exit() will trigger them.

ProgramArgs

If specified, ProgramArgs should refer to a list of parameters for the program being run.

  my @parameters = qw(foo bar baz);  # will be passed to Program
  ProgramArgs => \@parameters;

event EVENT_TYPE => EVENT_NAME, ...

This example changes the events that $wheel emits for STDIN flushing and STDOUT activity:

  $wheel->event(
    StdinEvent  => 'new-stdin-event',
    StdoutEvent => 'new-stdout-event',
  );

Undefined EVENT_NAMEs disable events.

put RECORDS

get_stdin_filter

get_stdout_filter

get_stderr_filter

set_stdio_filter FILTER_OBJECT

set_stdin_filter FILTER_OBJECT

set_stdout_filter FILTER_OBJECT

set_stderr_filter FILTER_OBJECT

pause_stdout

pause_stderr

resume_stdout

resume_stderr

shutdown_stdin

ID

ID() is not the same as PID().

PID

PID() is not the same as ID().

kill SIGNAL

kill() returns the number of processes successfully signaled: 1 on success, or 0 on failure, since the POE::Wheel::Run object only affects at most a single process.

kill() sends SIGTERM if SIGNAL is undef or omitted.

get_driver_out_messages

In most cases, StdinEvent may be used to trigger activity when all data has been sent to the child process.

get_driver_out_octets

MSWin32 Support

However, after some investigation Apocalypse ( APOCAL ) found out that in some situations it still didn't behave properly. The root cause was that the win32 code path in POE::Wheel::Run didn't exit cleanly. This means DESTROY and END blocks got executed! After talking with more people, the solution was not pretty.

The problem is that there is no equivalent of POSIX::_exit() for MSWin32. Hopefully, in a future version of Perl this can be fixed! In the meantime, POE::Wheel::Run will use CORE::kill() to terminate the child. However, this comes with a caveat: you will leak around 1KB per exec. The code has been improved so the chance of this happening has been reduced.

As of now the most reliable way to trigger this is to exec an invalid binary. The definition of "invalid binary" depends on different things, but what it means is that Win32::Job->spawn() failed to run. This will force POE::Wheel::Run to use the workaround to exit the child. If this happens, a very big warning will be printed to the STDERR of the child and the parent process will receive it.

If you are a Perl MSWin32 hacker, PLEASE help us with this situation! Go read rt.cpan.org bug #56417 and talk with us/p5p to see where you can contribute.

Thanks again for your patience as we continue to improve POE::Wheel::Run on MSWin32!

kill() and ClosedEvent on Windows

Windows will often fail to report EOF on pipes when subprocesses are killed. The work-around is to catch the signal in the subprocess, and exit normally:

  my $child = POE::Wheel::Run->new(
    Program => sub {
      $SIG{INT} = sub { exit };
      ...;
    },
    ...,
  );

Be sure to kill() the subprocess using the same signal that it catches and exits upon. Remember, not all signals can be caught by user code.

  $child->kill("INT");

Execution Environment

Environment scrubbing is easy when the child process is running a subroutine, but it's not so easy---or at least not as intuitive---when executing external programs.

The way we do it is to run a small subroutine in the child process that performs the exec() call for us.

  Program => \&exec_with_scrubbed_env,

  sub exec_with_scrubbed_env {
    delete @ENV{keys @ENV};
    $ENV{PATH} = "/bin";
    exec(@program_and_args);
  }

That deletes everything from the environment and sets a simple, secure PATH before executing a program.

Coderef Execution Side Effects

When executing an external program, the UNIX exec() call immediately replaces the copy of the parent with a completely new program.

When executing internal coderefs, however, we must preserve the code and any memory it might reference. This leads to some potential side effects.

DESTROY and END Blocks Run Twice

Objects that were created in the parent process are copied into the child. When the child exits normally, any DESTROY and END blocks are executed there. Later, when the parent exits, they may run again.

POE::Wheel::Run takes steps to avoid running DESTROY and END blocks in the child process. It uses POSIX::_exit() to bypass them. If that fails, it may even kill() itself.

If an application needs to exit explicitly, for example to return an error code to the parent process, then please use POSIX::_exit() rather than Perl's core exit().

POE::Kernel's run() method was never called

This warning is displayed from POE::Kernel's DESTROY method. It's a side effect of calling exit() in a child process that was started before "POE::Kernel->run()" could be called. The child process receives a copy of POE::Kernel where run() wasn't called, even if it was called later in the parent process.

The most direct solution is to call POSIX::_exit() rather than exit(). This will bypass POE::Kernel's DESTROY, and the message it emits.

Running POE::Kernel in the Child

Calling "POE::Kernel->run()" in the child process effectively resumes the copy of the parent process. This is rarely (if ever) desired.

More commonly, an application wants to run an entirely new POE::Kernel instance in the child process. This is supported by first stop()ping the copied instance, starting one or more new sessions, and calling run() again. For example:

  Program => sub {
    # Wipe the existing POE::Kernel clean.
    $poe_kernel->stop();

    # Start a new session, or more.
    POE::Session->create(
      ...
    );

    # Run the new sessions.
    POE::Kernel->run();
  }

Strange things are bound to happen if the program does not call "stop" in POE::Kernel before "run" in POE::Kernel. However this is vaguely supported in case it's the right thing to do at the time.