"reap"

    reap { ... };
    reap { ... } $context;
    &reap($callback, $context);

Adds a destructor that calls $callback (in void context) when the upper scope represented by $context ends.

"localize"

    localize $what, $value;
    localize $what, $value, $context;

Introduces a "local" delayed to the time of first return into the upper scope denoted by $context. $what can be :

• A glob, in which case $value can either be a glob or a reference. "localize" follows then the same syntax as "local *x = $value". For example, if $value is a scalar reference, then the "SCALAR" slot of the glob will be set to $$value - just like "local *x = \1" sets $x to 1.
• A string beginning with a sigil, representing the symbol to localize and to assign to. If the sigil is '$', "localize" follows the same syntax as "local $x = $value", i.e. $value isn't dereferenced. For example,

      localize '$x', \'foo' => HERE;
      

  will set $x to a reference to the string 'foo'. Other sigils ('@', '%', '&' and '*') require $value to be a reference of the corresponding type.

  When the symbol is given by a string, it is resolved when the actual localization takes place and not when "localize" is called. Thus, if the symbol name is not qualified, it will refer to the variable in the package where the localization actually takes place and not in the one where the "localize" call was compiled. For example,

      {
       package Scope;
       sub new { localize '$tag', $_[0] => UP }
      }
  
      {
       package Tool;
       {
        Scope->new;
        ...
       }
      }
      

  will localize $Tool::tag and not $Scope::tag. If you want the other behaviour, you just have to specify $what as a glob or a qualified name.

  Note that if $what is a string denoting a variable that wasn't declared beforehand, the relevant slot will be vivified as needed and won't be deleted from the glob when the localization ends. This situation never arises with "local" because it only compiles when the localized variable is already declared. Although I believe it shouldn't be a problem as glob slots definedness is pretty much an implementation detail, this behaviour may change in the future if proved harmful.

"localize_elem"

    localize_elem $what, $key, $value;
    localize_elem $what, $key, $value, $context;

Introduces a "local $what[$key] = $value" or "local $what{$key} = $value" delayed to the time of first return into the upper scope denoted by $context. Unlike "localize", $what must be a string and the type of localization is inferred from its sigil. The two only valid types are array and hash ; for anything besides those, "localize_elem" will throw an exception. $key is either an array index or a hash key, depending of which kind of variable you localize.

If $what is a string pointing to an undeclared variable, the variable will be vivified as soon as the localization occurs and emptied when it ends, although it will still exist in its glob.

"localize_delete"

    localize_delete $what, $key;
    localize_delete $what, $key, $context;

Introduces the deletion of a variable or an array/hash element delayed to the time of first return into the upper scope denoted by $context. $what can be:

• A glob, in which case $key is ignored and the call is equivalent to "local *x".
• A string beginning with '@' or '%', for which the call is equivalent to respectively "local $a[$key]; delete $a[$key]" and "local $h{$key}; delete $h{$key}".
• A string beginning with '&', which more or less does "undef &func" in the upper scope. It's actually more powerful, as &func won't even "exists" anymore. $key is ignored.

"unwind"

    unwind;
    unwind @values, $context;

Returns @values from the subroutine, eval or format context pointed by or just above $context, and immediately restarts the program flow at this point - thus effectively returning @values to an upper scope. If @values is empty, then the $context parameter is optional and defaults to the current context (making the call equivalent to a bare "return;") ; otherwise it is mandatory.

The upper context isn't coerced onto @values, which is hence always evaluated in list context. This means that

    my $num = sub {
     my @a = ('a' .. 'z');
     unwind @a => HERE;
     # not reached
    }->();

will set $num to 'z'. You can use "want_at" to handle these cases.

"yield"

    yield;
    yield @values, $context;

Returns @values from the context pointed by or just above $context, and immediately restarts the program flow at this point. If @values is empty, then the $context parameter is optional and defaults to the current context ; otherwise it is mandatory.

"yield" differs from "unwind" in that it can target any upper scope (besides a "s///e" substitution context) and not necessarily a sub, an eval or a format. Hence you can use it to return values from a "do" or a "map" block :

    my $now = do {
     local $@;
     eval { require Time::HiRes } or yield time() => HERE;
     Time::HiRes::time();
    };

    my @uniq = map {
     yield if $seen{$_}++; # returns the empty list from the block
     ...
    } @things;

Like for "unwind", the upper context isn't coerced onto @values. You can use the fifth value returned by "context_info" to handle context coercion.

"leave"

    leave;
    leave @values;

Immediately returns @values from the current block, whatever it may be (besides a "s///e" substitution context). "leave" is actually a synonym for "yield HERE", while "leave @values" is a synonym for "yield @values, HERE".

Like for "yield", you can use the fifth value returned by "context_info" to handle context coercion.

"want_at"

    my $want = want_at;
    my $want = want_at $context;

Like "wantarray" in perlfunc, but for the subroutine, eval or format context located at or just above $context.

It can be used to revise the example showed in "unwind" :

    my $num = sub {
     my @a = ('a' .. 'z');
     unwind +(want_at(HERE) ? @a : scalar @a) => HERE;
     # not reached
    }->();

will rightfully set $num to 26.

"context_info"

    my ($package, $filename, $line, $subroutine, $hasargs,
        $wantarray, $evaltext, $is_require, $hints, $bitmask,
        $hinthash) = context_info $context;

Gives information about the context denoted by $context, akin to what "caller" in perlfunc provides but not limited only to subroutine, eval and format contexts. When $context is omitted, it defaults to the current context.

The returned values are, in order :

• (index 0) : the namespace in use when the context was created ;
• (index 1) : the name of the file at the point where the context was created ;
• (index 2) : the line number at the point where the context was created ;
• (index 3) : the name of the subroutine called for this context, or "undef" if this is not a subroutine context ;
• (index 4) : a boolean indicating whether a new instance of @_ was set up for this context, or "undef" if this is not a subroutine context ;
• (index 5) : the context (in the sense of "wantarray" in perlfunc) in which the context (in our sense) is executed ;
• (index 6) : the contents of the string being compiled for this context, or "undef" if this is not an eval context ;
• (index 7) : a boolean indicating whether this eval context was created by "require", or "undef" if this is not an eval context ;
• (index 8) : the value of the lexical hints in use when the context was created ;
• (index 9) : a bit string representing the warnings in use when the context was created ;
• (index 10) : a reference to the lexical hints hash in use when the context was created (only on perl 5.10 or greater).

"uplevel"

    my @ret = uplevel { ...; return @ret };
    my @ret = uplevel { my @args = @_; ...; return @ret } @args, $context;
    my @ret = &uplevel($callback, @args, $context);

Executes the code reference $callback with arguments @args as if it were located at the subroutine stack frame pointed by $context, effectively fooling "caller" and "die" into believing that the call actually happened higher in the stack. The code is executed in the context of the "uplevel" call, and what it returns is returned as-is by "uplevel".

    sub target {
     faker(@_);
    }

    sub faker {
     uplevel {
      map { 1 / $_ } @_;
     } @_ => CALLER(1);
    }

    my @inverses = target(1, 2, 4); # @inverses contains (0, 0.5, 0.25)
    my $count    = target(1, 2, 4); # $count is 3

Note that if @args is empty, then the $context parameter is optional and defaults to the current context ; otherwise it is mandatory.

Sub::Uplevel also implements a pure-Perl version of "uplevel". Both are identical, with the following caveats :

• The Sub::Uplevel implementation of "uplevel" may execute a code reference in the context of any upper stack frame. The Scope::Upper version can only uplevel to a subroutine stack frame, and will croak if you try to target an "eval" or a format.
• Exceptions thrown from the code called by this version of "uplevel" will not be caught by "eval" blocks between the target frame and the uplevel call, while they will for Sub::Uplevel's version. This means that :

      eval {
       sub {
        local $@;
        eval {
         sub {
          uplevel { die 'wut' } CALLER(2); # for Scope::Upper
          # uplevel(3, sub { die 'wut' })  # for Sub::Uplevel
         }->();
        };
        print "inner block: $@";
        $@ and exit;
       }->();
      };
      print "outer block: $@";
      

  will print "inner block: wut..." with Sub::Uplevel and "outer block: wut..." with Scope::Upper.

• Sub::Uplevel globally overrides the Perl keyword "caller", while Scope::Upper does not.

A simple wrapper lets you mimic the interface of "uplevel" in Sub::Uplevel :

    use Scope::Upper;

    sub uplevel {
     my $frame = shift;
     my $code  = shift;
     my $cxt   = Scope::Upper::CALLER($frame);
     &Scope::Upper::uplevel($code => @_ => $cxt);
    }

Albeit the three exceptions listed above, it passes all the tests of Sub::Uplevel.

"uid"

    my $uid = uid;
    my $uid = uid $context;

Returns an unique identifier (UID) for the context (or dynamic scope) pointed by $context, or for the current context if $context is omitted. This UID will only be valid for the life time of the context it represents, and another UID will be generated next time the same scope is executed.

    my $uid;

    {
     $uid = uid;
     if ($uid eq uid()) { # yes, this is the same context
      ...
     }
     {
      if ($uid eq uid()) { # no, we are one scope below
       ...
      }
      if ($uid eq uid(UP)) { # yes, UP points to the same scope as $uid
       ...
      }
     }
    }

    # $uid is now invalid

    {
     if ($uid eq uid()) { # no, this is another block
      ...
     }
    }

For example, each loop iteration gets its own UID :

    my %uids;

    for (1 .. 5) {
     my $uid = uid;
     $uids{$uid} = $_;
    }

    # %uids has 5 entries

The UIDs are not guaranteed to be numbers, so you must use the "eq" operator to compare them.

To check whether a given UID is valid, you can use the "validate_uid" function.

"validate_uid"

    my $is_valid = validate_uid $uid;

Returns true if and only if $uid is the UID of a currently valid context (that is, it designates a scope that is higher than the current one in the call stack).

    my $uid;

    {
     $uid = uid();
     if (validate_uid($uid)) { # yes
      ...
     }
     {
      if (validate_uid($uid)) { # yes
       ...
      }
     }
    }

    if (validate_uid($uid)) { # no
     ...
    }

"SU_THREADSAFE"

Constants

    my $top_context = TOP;

Returns the context that currently represents the highest scope.

"HERE"

    my $current_context = HERE;

The context of the current scope.

Getting a context from a context

"UP"

    my $upper_context = UP;
    my $upper_context = UP $from;

The context of the scope just above $from. If $from points to the top-level scope in the current stack, then a warning is emitted and $from is returned (see "DIAGNOSTICS" for details).

"SUB"

    my $sub_context = SUB;
    my $sub_context = SUB $from;

The context of the closest subroutine above $from. If $from already designates a subroutine context, then it is returned as-is ; hence "SUB SUB == SUB". If no subroutine context is present in the call stack, then a warning is emitted and the current context is returned (see "DIAGNOSTICS" for details).

"EVAL"

    my $eval_context = EVAL;
    my $eval_context = EVAL $from;

The context of the closest eval above $from. If $from already designates an eval context, then it is returned as-is ; hence "EVAL EVAL == EVAL". If no eval context is present in the call stack, then a warning is emitted and the current context is returned (see "DIAGNOSTICS" for details).

Getting a context from a level

"SCOPE"

    my $context = SCOPE;
    my $context = SCOPE $level;

The $level-th upper context, regardless of its type. If $level points above the top-level scope in the current stack, then a warning is emitted and the top-level context is returned (see "DIAGNOSTICS" for details).

"CALLER"

    my $context = CALLER;
    my $context = CALLER $level;

The context of the $level-th upper subroutine/eval/format. It kind of corresponds to the context represented by "caller $level", but while e.g. "caller 0" refers to the caller context, "CALLER 0" will refer to the top scope in the current context. If $level points above the top-level scope in the current stack, then a warning is emitted and the top-level context is returned (see "DIAGNOSTICS" for details).

Examples

    sub {
     eval {
      sub {
       {
        reap \&cleanup => $cxt;
        ...
       }     # $cxt = SCOPE(0) = HERE
       ...
      }->(); # $cxt = SCOPE(1) = UP = SUB = CALLER(0)
      ...
     };      # $cxt = SCOPE(2) = UP UP =  UP SUB = EVAL = CALLER(1)
     ...
    }->();   # $cxt = SCOPE(3) = SUB UP SUB = SUB EVAL = CALLER(2)
    ...

Where "localize", "localize_elem" and "localize_delete" act depending on the $cxt :

    sub {
     eval {
      sub {
       {
        localize '$x' => 1 => $cxt;
        # $cxt = SCOPE(0) = HERE
        ...
       }
       # $cxt = SCOPE(1) = UP = SUB = CALLER(0)
       ...
      }->();
      # $cxt = SCOPE(2) = UP UP = UP SUB = EVAL = CALLER(1)
      ...
     };
     # $cxt = SCOPE(3) = SUB UP SUB = SUB EVAL = CALLER(2)
     ...
    }->();
    # $cxt = SCOPE(4), UP SUB UP SUB = UP SUB EVAL = UP CALLER(2) = TOP
    ...

Where "unwind", "yield", "want_at", "context_info" and "uplevel" point to depending on the $cxt:

    sub {
     eval {
      sub {
       {
        unwind @things => $cxt;   # or yield @things => $cxt
                                  # or uplevel { ... } $cxt
        ...
       }
       ...
      }->(); # $cxt = SCOPE(0) = SCOPE(1) = HERE = UP = SUB = CALLER(0)
      ...
     };      # $cxt = SCOPE(2) = UP UP = UP SUB = EVAL = CALLER(1) (*)
     ...
    }->();   # $cxt = SCOPE(3) = SUB UP SUB = SUB EVAL = CALLER(2)
    ...

    # (*) Note that uplevel() will croak if you pass that scope frame,
    #     because it cannot target eval scopes.

"Cannot target a scope outside of the current stack"

"No targetable %s scope in the current stack"