Embedded newlines

But you still have the problem that you have to pass a correct line to the "parse" method, which is more complicated from the usual point of usage:

 my $csv = Text::CSV->new ({ binary => 1, eol => $/ });
 while (<>) {           #  WRONG!
     $csv->parse ($_);
     my @fields = $csv->fields ();
     }

this will break, as the "while" might read broken lines: it does not care about the quoting. If you need to support embedded newlines, the way to go is to not pass "eol" in the parser (it accepts "\n", "\r", and "\r\n" by default) and then

 my $csv = Text::CSV->new ({ binary => 1 });
 open my $fh, "<", $file or die "$file: $!";
 while (my $row = $csv->getline ($fh)) {
     my @fields = @$row;
     }

The old(er) way of using global file handles is still supported

 while (my $row = $csv->getline (*ARGV)) { ... }

Unicode

See also "BOM".

The simplest way to ensure the correct encoding is used for in- and output is by either setting layers on the filehandles, or setting the "encoding" argument for "csv".

 open my $fh, "<:encoding(UTF-8)", "in.csv"  or die "in.csv: $!";
or
 my $aoa = csv (in => "in.csv",     encoding => "UTF-8");

 open my $fh, ">:encoding(UTF-8)", "out.csv" or die "out.csv: $!";
or
 csv (in => $aoa, out => "out.csv", encoding => "UTF-8");

On parsing (both for "getline" and "parse"), if the source is marked being UTF8, then all fields that are marked binary will also be marked UTF8.

On combining ("print" and "combine"): if any of the combining fields was marked UTF8, the resulting string will be marked as UTF8. Note however that all fields before the first field marked UTF8 and contained 8-bit characters that were not upgraded to UTF8, these will be "bytes" in the resulting string too, possibly causing unexpected errors. If you pass data of different encoding, or you don't know if there is different encoding, force it to be upgraded before you pass them on:

 $csv->print ($fh, [ map { utf8::upgrade (my $x = $_); $x } @data ]);

For complete control over encoding, please use Text::CSV::Encoded:

 use Text::CSV::Encoded;
 my $csv = Text::CSV::Encoded->new ({
     encoding_in  => "iso-8859-1", # the encoding comes into   Perl
     encoding_out => "cp1252",     # the encoding comes out of Perl
     });

 $csv = Text::CSV::Encoded->new ({ encoding  => "utf8" });
 # combine () and print () accept *literally* utf8 encoded data
 # parse () and getline () return *literally* utf8 encoded data

 $csv = Text::CSV::Encoded->new ({ encoding  => undef }); # default
 # combine () and print () accept UTF8 marked data
 # parse () and getline () return UTF8 marked data

BOM

If a file has a BOM, the easiest way to deal with that is

 my $aoh = csv (in => $file, detect_bom => 1);

All records will be encoded based on the detected BOM.

This implies a call to the "header" method, which defaults to also set the "column_names". So this is not the same as

 my $aoh = csv (in => $file, headers => "auto");

which only reads the first record to set "column_names" but ignores any meaning of possible present BOM.

version

new

 my $csv = Text::CSV->new ({ attributes ... });

The following attributes are available:

eol

 my $csv = Text::CSV->new ({ eol => $/ });
           $csv->eol (undef);
 my $eol = $csv->eol;

The end-of-line string to add to rows for "print" or the record separator for "getline".

When not passed in a parser instance, the default behavior is to accept "\n", "\r", and "\r\n", so it is probably safer to not specify "eol" at all. Passing "undef" or the empty string behave the same.

When not passed in a generating instance, records are not terminated at all, so it is probably wise to pass something you expect. A safe choice for "eol" on output is either $/ or "\r\n".

Common values for "eol" are "\012" ("\n" or Line Feed), "\015\012" ("\r\n" or Carriage Return, Line Feed), and "\015" ("\r" or Carriage Return). The "eol" attribute cannot exceed 7 (ASCII) characters.

If both $/ and "eol" equal "\015", parsing lines that end on only a Carriage Return without Line Feed, will be "parse"d correct.

sep_char

 my $csv = Text::CSV->new ({ sep_char => ";" });
         $csv->sep_char (";");
 my $c = $csv->sep_char;

The char used to separate fields, by default a comma. (","). Limited to a single-byte character, usually in the range from 0x20 (space) to 0x7E (tilde). When longer sequences are required, use "sep".

The separation character can not be equal to the quote character or to the escape character.

sep

 my $csv = Text::CSV->new ({ sep => "\N{FULLWIDTH COMMA}" });
           $csv->sep (";");
 my $sep = $csv->sep;

The chars used to separate fields, by default undefined. Limited to 8 bytes.

When set, overrules "sep_char". If its length is one byte it acts as an alias to "sep_char".

quote_char

 my $csv = Text::CSV->new ({ quote_char => "'" });
         $csv->quote_char (undef);
 my $c = $csv->quote_char;

The character to quote fields containing blanks or binary data, by default the double quote character ("""). A value of undef suppresses quote chars (for simple cases only). Limited to a single-byte character, usually in the range from 0x20 (space) to 0x7E (tilde). When longer sequences are required, use "quote".

"quote_char" can not be equal to "sep_char".

quote

 my $csv = Text::CSV->new ({ quote => "\N{FULLWIDTH QUOTATION MARK}" });
             $csv->quote ("'");
 my $quote = $csv->quote;

The chars used to quote fields, by default undefined. Limited to 8 bytes.

When set, overrules "quote_char". If its length is one byte it acts as an alias to "quote_char".

This method does not support "undef". Use "quote_char" to disable quotation.

escape_char

 my $csv = Text::CSV->new ({ escape_char => "\\" });
         $csv->escape_char (":");
 my $c = $csv->escape_char;

The character to escape certain characters inside quoted fields. This is limited to a single-byte character, usually in the range from 0x20 (space) to 0x7E (tilde).

The "escape_char" defaults to being the double-quote mark ("""). In other words the same as the default "quote_char". This means that doubling the quote mark in a field escapes it:

 "foo","bar","Escape ""quote mark"" with two ""quote marks""","baz"

If you change the "quote_char" without changing the "escape_char", the "escape_char" will still be the double-quote ("""). If instead you want to escape the "quote_char" by doubling it you will need to also change the "escape_char" to be the same as what you have changed the "quote_char" to.

Setting "escape_char" to <undef> or "" will disable escaping completely and is greatly discouraged. This will also disable "escape_null".

The escape character can not be equal to the separation character.

binary

 my $csv = Text::CSV->new ({ binary => 1 });
         $csv->binary (0);
 my $f = $csv->binary;

If this attribute is 1, you may use binary characters in quoted fields, including line feeds, carriage returns and "NULL" bytes. (The latter could be escaped as ""0".) By default this feature is off.

If a string is marked UTF8, "binary" will be turned on automatically when binary characters other than "CR" and "NL" are encountered. Note that a simple string like "\x{00a0}" might still be binary, but not marked UTF8, so setting "{ binary => 1 }" is still a wise option.

strict

 my $csv = Text::CSV->new ({ strict => 1 });
         $csv->strict (0);
 my $f = $csv->strict;

If this attribute is set to 1, any row that parses to a different number of fields than the previous row will cause the parser to throw error 2014.

skip_empty_rows

 my $csv = Text::CSV->new ({ skip_empty_rows => 1 });
         $csv->skip_empty_rows (0);
 my $f = $csv->skip_empty_rows;

If this attribute is set to 1, any row that has an "eol" immediately following the start of line will be skipped. Default behavior is to return one single empty field.

This attribute is only used in parsing.

formula_handling

formula

 my $csv = Text::CSV->new ({ formula => "none" });
         $csv->formula ("none");
 my $f = $csv->formula;

This defines the behavior of fields containing formulas. As formulas are considered dangerous in spreadsheets, this attribute can define an optional action to be taken if a field starts with an equal sign ("=").

For purpose of code-readability, this can also be written as

 my $csv = Text::CSV->new ({ formula_handling => "none" });
         $csv->formula_handling ("none");
 my $f = $csv->formula_handling;

Possible values for this attribute are

none

Take no specific action. This is the default.

 $csv->formula ("none");
    

die

Cause the process to "die" whenever a leading "=" is encountered.

 $csv->formula ("die");
    

croak

Cause the process to "croak" whenever a leading "=" is encountered. (See Carp)

 $csv->formula ("croak");
    

diag

Report position and content of the field whenever a leading "=" is found. The value of the field is unchanged.

 $csv->formula ("diag");
    

empty

Replace the content of fields that start with a "=" with the empty string.

 $csv->formula ("empty");
 $csv->formula ("");
    

undef

Replace the content of fields that start with a "=" with "undef".

 $csv->formula ("undef");
 $csv->formula (undef);
    

a callback

Modify the content of fields that start with a "=" with the return-value of the callback. The original content of the field is available inside the callback as $_;

 # Replace all formula's with 42
 $csv->formula (sub { 42; });

 # same as $csv->formula ("empty") but slower
 $csv->formula (sub { "" });

 # Allow =4+12
 $csv->formula (sub { s/^=(\d+\+\d+)$/$1/eer });

 # Allow more complex calculations
 $csv->formula (sub { eval { s{^=([-+*/0-9()]+)$}{$1}ee }; $_ });
    

All other values will give a warning and then fallback to "diag".

decode_utf8

 my $csv = Text::CSV->new ({ decode_utf8 => 1 });
         $csv->decode_utf8 (0);
 my $f = $csv->decode_utf8;

This attributes defaults to TRUE.

While parsing, fields that are valid UTF-8, are automatically set to be UTF-8, so that

  $csv->parse ("\xC4\xA8\n");

results in

  PV("\304\250"\0) [UTF8 "\x{128}"]

Sometimes it might not be a desired action. To prevent those upgrades, set this attribute to false, and the result will be

  PV("\304\250"\0)

auto_diag

 my $csv = Text::CSV->new ({ auto_diag => 1 });
         $csv->auto_diag (2);
 my $l = $csv->auto_diag;

Set this attribute to a number between 1 and 9 causes "error_diag" to be automatically called in void context upon errors.

In case of error "2012 - EOF", this call will be void.

If "auto_diag" is set to a numeric value greater than 1, it will "die" on errors instead of "warn". If set to anything unrecognized, it will be silently ignored.

Future extensions to this feature will include more reliable auto-detection of "autodie" being active in the scope of which the error occurred which will increment the value of "auto_diag" with 1 the moment the error is detected.

diag_verbose

 my $csv = Text::CSV->new ({ diag_verbose => 1 });
         $csv->diag_verbose (2);
 my $l = $csv->diag_verbose;

Set the verbosity of the output triggered by "auto_diag". Currently only adds the current input-record-number (if known) to the diagnostic output with an indication of the position of the error.

blank_is_undef

 my $csv = Text::CSV->new ({ blank_is_undef => 1 });
         $csv->blank_is_undef (0);
 my $f = $csv->blank_is_undef;

Under normal circumstances, "CSV" data makes no distinction between quoted- and unquoted empty fields. These both end up in an empty string field once read, thus

 1,"",," ",2

is read as

 ("1", "", "", " ", "2")

When writing "CSV" files with either "always_quote" or "quote_empty" set, the unquoted empty field is the result of an undefined value. To enable this distinction when reading "CSV" data, the "blank_is_undef" attribute will cause unquoted empty fields to be set to "undef", causing the above to be parsed as

 ("1", "", undef, " ", "2")

Note that this is specifically important when loading "CSV" fields into a database that allows "NULL" values, as the perl equivalent for "NULL" is "undef" in DBI land.

empty_is_undef

 my $csv = Text::CSV->new ({ empty_is_undef => 1 });
         $csv->empty_is_undef (0);
 my $f = $csv->empty_is_undef;

Going one step further than "blank_is_undef", this attribute converts all empty fields to "undef", so

 1,"",," ",2

is read as

 (1, undef, undef, " ", 2)

Note that this affects only fields that are originally empty, not fields that are empty after stripping allowed whitespace. YMMV.

allow_whitespace

 my $csv = Text::CSV->new ({ allow_whitespace => 1 });
         $csv->allow_whitespace (0);
 my $f = $csv->allow_whitespace;

When this option is set to true, the whitespace ("TAB"'s and "SPACE"'s) surrounding the separation character is removed when parsing. If either "TAB" or "SPACE" is one of the three characters "sep_char", "quote_char", or "escape_char" it will not be considered whitespace.

Now lines like:

 1 , "foo" , bar , 3 , zapp

are parsed as valid "CSV", even though it violates the "CSV" specs.

Note that all whitespace is stripped from both start and end of each field. That would make it more than a feature to enable parsing bad "CSV" lines, as

 1,   2.0,  3,   ape  , monkey

will now be parsed as

 ("1", "2.0", "3", "ape", "monkey")

even if the original line was perfectly acceptable "CSV".

allow_loose_quotes

 my $csv = Text::CSV->new ({ allow_loose_quotes => 1 });
         $csv->allow_loose_quotes (0);
 my $f = $csv->allow_loose_quotes;

By default, parsing unquoted fields containing "quote_char" characters like

 1,foo "bar" baz,42

would result in parse error 2034. Though it is still bad practice to allow this format, we cannot help the fact that some vendors make their applications spit out lines styled this way.

If there is really bad "CSV" data, like

 1,"foo "bar" baz",42

or

 1,""foo bar baz"",42

there is a way to get this data-line parsed and leave the quotes inside the quoted field as-is. This can be achieved by setting "allow_loose_quotes" AND making sure that the "escape_char" is not equal to "quote_char".

allow_loose_escapes

 my $csv = Text::CSV->new ({ allow_loose_escapes => 1 });
         $csv->allow_loose_escapes (0);
 my $f = $csv->allow_loose_escapes;

Parsing fields that have "escape_char" characters that escape characters that do not need to be escaped, like:

 my $csv = Text::CSV->new ({ escape_char => "\\" });
 $csv->parse (qq{1,"my bar\'s",baz,42});

would result in parse error 2025. Though it is bad practice to allow this format, this attribute enables you to treat all escape character sequences equal.

allow_unquoted_escape

 my $csv = Text::CSV->new ({ allow_unquoted_escape => 1 });
         $csv->allow_unquoted_escape (0);
 my $f = $csv->allow_unquoted_escape;

A backward compatibility issue where "escape_char" differs from "quote_char" prevents "escape_char" to be in the first position of a field. If "quote_char" is equal to the default """ and "escape_char" is set to "\", this would be illegal:

 1,\0,2

Setting this attribute to 1 might help to overcome issues with backward compatibility and allow this style.

always_quote

 my $csv = Text::CSV->new ({ always_quote => 1 });
         $csv->always_quote (0);
 my $f = $csv->always_quote;

By default the generated fields are quoted only if they need to be. For example, if they contain the separator character. If you set this attribute to 1 then all defined fields will be quoted. ("undef" fields are not quoted, see "blank_is_undef"). This makes it quite often easier to handle exported data in external applications.

quote_space

 my $csv = Text::CSV->new ({ quote_space => 1 });
         $csv->quote_space (0);
 my $f = $csv->quote_space;

By default, a space in a field would trigger quotation. As no rule exists this to be forced in "CSV", nor any for the opposite, the default is true for safety. You can exclude the space from this trigger by setting this attribute to 0.

quote_empty

 my $csv = Text::CSV->new ({ quote_empty => 1 });
         $csv->quote_empty (0);
 my $f = $csv->quote_empty;

By default the generated fields are quoted only if they need to be. An empty (defined) field does not need quotation. If you set this attribute to 1 then empty defined fields will be quoted. ("undef" fields are not quoted, see "blank_is_undef"). See also "always_quote".

quote_binary

 my $csv = Text::CSV->new ({ quote_binary => 1 });
         $csv->quote_binary (0);
 my $f = $csv->quote_binary;

By default, all "unsafe" bytes inside a string cause the combined field to be quoted. By setting this attribute to 0, you can disable that trigger for bytes >= 0x7F.

escape_null

 my $csv = Text::CSV->new ({ escape_null => 1 });
         $csv->escape_null (0);
 my $f = $csv->escape_null;

By default, a "NULL" byte in a field would be escaped. This option enables you to treat the "NULL" byte as a simple binary character in binary mode (the "{ binary => 1 }" is set). The default is true. You can prevent "NULL" escapes by setting this attribute to 0.

When the "escape_char" attribute is set to undefined, this attribute will be set to false.

The default setting will encode "=\x00=" as

 "="0="

With "escape_null" set, this will result in

 "=\x00="

The default when using the "csv" function is "false".

For backward compatibility reasons, the deprecated old name "quote_null" is still recognized.

keep_meta_info

 my $csv = Text::CSV->new ({ keep_meta_info => 1 });
         $csv->keep_meta_info (0);
 my $f = $csv->keep_meta_info;

By default, the parsing of input records is as simple and fast as possible. However, some parsing information - like quotation of the original field - is lost in that process. Setting this flag to true enables retrieving that information after parsing with the methods "meta_info", "is_quoted", and "is_binary" described below. Default is false for performance.

If you set this attribute to a value greater than 9, then you can control output quotation style like it was used in the input of the the last parsed record (unless quotation was added because of other reasons).

 my $csv = Text::CSV->new ({
    binary         => 1,
    keep_meta_info => 1,
    quote_space    => 0,
    });

 my $row = $csv->parse (q{1,,"", ," ",f,"g","h""h",help,"help"});

 $csv->print (*STDOUT, \@row);
 # 1,,, , ,f,g,"h""h",help,help
 $csv->keep_meta_info (11);
 $csv->print (*STDOUT, \@row);
 # 1,,"", ," ",f,"g","h""h",help,"help"

undef_str

 my $csv = Text::CSV->new ({ undef_str => "\\N" });
         $csv->undef_str (undef);
 my $s = $csv->undef_str;

This attribute optionally defines the output of undefined fields. The value passed is not changed at all, so if it needs quotation, the quotation needs to be included in the value of the attribute. Use with caution, as passing a value like ",",,,,""" will for sure mess up your output. The default for this attribute is "undef", meaning no special treatment.

This attribute is useful when exporting CSV data to be imported in custom loaders, like for MySQL, that recognize special sequences for "NULL" data.

This attribute has no meaning when parsing CSV data.

comment_str

 my $csv = Text::CSV->new ({ comment_str => "#" });
         $csv->comment_str (undef);
 my $s = $csv->comment_str;

This attribute optionally defines a string to be recognized as comment. If this attribute is defined, all lines starting with this sequence will not be parsed as CSV but skipped as comment.

This attribute has no meaning when generating CSV.

Comment strings that start with any of the special characters/sequences are not supported (so it cannot start with any of "sep_char", "quote_char", "escape_char", "sep", "quote", or "eol").

For convenience, "comment" is an alias for "comment_str".

verbatim

 my $csv = Text::CSV->new ({ verbatim => 1 });
         $csv->verbatim (0);
 my $f = $csv->verbatim;

This is a quite controversial attribute to set, but makes some hard things possible.

The rationale behind this attribute is to tell the parser that the normally special characters newline ("NL") and Carriage Return ("CR") will not be special when this flag is set, and be dealt with as being ordinary binary characters. This will ease working with data with embedded newlines.

When "verbatim" is used with "getline", "getline" auto-"chomp"'s every line.

Imagine a file format like

 M^^Hans^Janssen^Klas 2\n2A^Ja^11-06-2007#\r\n

where, the line ending is a very specific "#\r\n", and the sep_char is a "^" (caret). None of the fields is quoted, but embedded binary data is likely to be present. With the specific line ending, this should not be too hard to detect.

By default, Text::CSV' parse function is instructed to only know about "\n" and "\r" to be legal line endings, and so has to deal with the embedded newline as a real "end-of-line", so it can scan the next line if binary is true, and the newline is inside a quoted field. With this option, we tell "parse" to parse the line as if "\n" is just nothing more than a binary character.

For "parse" this means that the parser has no more idea about line ending and "getline" "chomp"s line endings on reading.

types

A set of column types; the attribute is immediately passed to the "types" method.

callbacks

See the "Callbacks" section below.

accessors

To sum it up,

 $csv = Text::CSV->new ();

is equivalent to

 $csv = Text::CSV->new ({
     eol                   => undef, # \r, \n, or \r\n
     sep_char              => ',',
     sep                   => undef,
     quote_char            => '"',
     quote                 => undef,
     escape_char           => '"',
     binary                => 0,
     decode_utf8           => 1,
     auto_diag             => 0,
     diag_verbose          => 0,
     blank_is_undef        => 0,
     empty_is_undef        => 0,
     allow_whitespace      => 0,
     allow_loose_quotes    => 0,
     allow_loose_escapes   => 0,
     allow_unquoted_escape => 0,
     always_quote          => 0,
     quote_empty           => 0,
     quote_space           => 1,
     escape_null           => 1,
     quote_binary          => 1,
     keep_meta_info        => 0,
     strict                => 0,
     skip_empty_rows       => 0,
     formula               => 0,
     verbatim              => 0,
     undef_str             => undef,
     comment_str           => undef,
     types                 => undef,
     callbacks             => undef,
     });

For all of the above mentioned flags, an accessor method is available where you can inquire the current value, or change the value

 my $quote = $csv->quote_char;
 $csv->binary (1);

It is not wise to change these settings halfway through writing "CSV" data to a stream. If however you want to create a new stream using the available "CSV" object, there is no harm in changing them.

If the "new" constructor call fails, it returns "undef", and makes the fail reason available through the "error_diag" method.

 $csv = Text::CSV->new ({ ecs_char => 1 }) or
     die "".Text::CSV->error_diag ();

"error_diag" will return a string like

 "INI - Unknown attribute 'ecs_char'"

known_attributes

 @attr = Text::CSV->known_attributes;
 @attr = Text::CSV::known_attributes;
 @attr = $csv->known_attributes;

This method will return an ordered list of all the supported attributes as described above. This can be useful for knowing what attributes are valid in classes that use or extend Text::CSV.

print

 $status = $csv->print ($fh, $colref);

Similar to "combine" + "string" + "print", but much more efficient. It expects an array ref as input (not an array!) and the resulting string is not really created, but immediately written to the $fh object, typically an IO handle or any other object that offers a "print" method.

For performance reasons "print" does not create a result string, so all "string", "status", "fields", and "error_input" methods will return undefined information after executing this method.

If $colref is "undef" (explicit, not through a variable argument) and "bind_columns" was used to specify fields to be printed, it is possible to make performance improvements, as otherwise data would have to be copied as arguments to the method call:

 $csv->bind_columns (\($foo, $bar));
 $status = $csv->print ($fh, undef);

A short benchmark

 my @data = ("aa" .. "zz");
 $csv->bind_columns (\(@data));

 $csv->print ($fh, [ @data ]);   # 11800 recs/sec
 $csv->print ($fh,  \@data  );   # 57600 recs/sec
 $csv->print ($fh,   undef  );   # 48500 recs/sec

say

 $status = $csv->say ($fh, $colref);

Like "print", but "eol" defaults to "$\".

print_hr

 $csv->print_hr ($fh, $ref);

Provides an easy way to print a $ref (as fetched with "getline_hr") provided the column names are set with "column_names".

It is just a wrapper method with basic parameter checks over

 $csv->print ($fh, [ map { $ref->{$_} } $csv->column_names ]);

combine

 $status = $csv->combine (@fields);

This method constructs a "CSV" record from @fields, returning success or failure. Failure can result from lack of arguments or an argument that contains an invalid character. Upon success, "string" can be called to retrieve the resultant "CSV" string. Upon failure, the value returned by "string" is undefined and "error_input" could be called to retrieve the invalid argument.

string

 $line = $csv->string ();

This method returns the input to "parse" or the resultant "CSV" string of "combine", whichever was called more recently.

getline

 $colref = $csv->getline ($fh);

This is the counterpart to "print", as "parse" is the counterpart to "combine": it parses a row from the $fh handle using the "getline" method associated with $fh and parses this row into an array ref. This array ref is returned by the function or "undef" for failure. When $fh does not support "getline", you are likely to hit errors.

When fields are bound with "bind_columns" the return value is a reference to an empty list.

The "string", "fields", and "status" methods are meaningless again.

getline_all

 $arrayref = $csv->getline_all ($fh);
 $arrayref = $csv->getline_all ($fh, $offset);
 $arrayref = $csv->getline_all ($fh, $offset, $length);

This will return a reference to a list of getline ($fh) results. In this call, "keep_meta_info" is disabled. If $offset is negative, as with "splice", only the last "abs ($offset)" records of $fh are taken into consideration.

Given a CSV file with 10 lines:

 lines call
 ----- ---------------------------------------------------------
 0..9  $csv->getline_all ($fh)         # all
 0..9  $csv->getline_all ($fh,  0)     # all
 8..9  $csv->getline_all ($fh,  8)     # start at 8
 -     $csv->getline_all ($fh,  0,  0) # start at 0 first 0 rows
 0..4  $csv->getline_all ($fh,  0,  5) # start at 0 first 5 rows
 4..5  $csv->getline_all ($fh,  4,  2) # start at 4 first 2 rows
 8..9  $csv->getline_all ($fh, -2)     # last 2 rows
 6..7  $csv->getline_all ($fh, -4,  2) # first 2 of last  4 rows

getline_hr

 $csv->column_names (qw( code name price description ));
 $hr = $csv->getline_hr ($fh);
 print "Price for $hr->{name} is $hr->{price} EUR\n";

"getline_hr" will croak if called before "column_names".

Note that "getline_hr" creates a hashref for every row and will be much slower than the combined use of "bind_columns" and "getline" but still offering the same easy to use hashref inside the loop:

 my @cols = @{$csv->getline ($fh)};
 $csv->column_names (@cols);
 while (my $row = $csv->getline_hr ($fh)) {
     print $row->{price};
     }

Could easily be rewritten to the much faster:

 my @cols = @{$csv->getline ($fh)};
 my $row = {};
 $csv->bind_columns (\@{$row}{@cols});
 while ($csv->getline ($fh)) {
     print $row->{price};
     }

Your mileage may vary for the size of the data and the number of rows. With perl-5.14.2 the comparison for a 100_000 line file with 14 columns:

            Rate hashrefs getlines
 hashrefs 1.00/s       --     -76%
 getlines 4.15/s     313%       --

getline_hr_all

 $arrayref = $csv->getline_hr_all ($fh);
 $arrayref = $csv->getline_hr_all ($fh, $offset);
 $arrayref = $csv->getline_hr_all ($fh, $offset, $length);

This will return a reference to a list of getline_hr ($fh) results. In this call, "keep_meta_info" is disabled.

parse

 $status = $csv->parse ($line);

This method decomposes a "CSV" string into fields, returning success or failure. Failure can result from a lack of argument or the given "CSV" string is improperly formatted. Upon success, "fields" can be called to retrieve the decomposed fields. Upon failure calling "fields" will return undefined data and "error_input" can be called to retrieve the invalid argument.

You may use the "types" method for setting column types. See "types"' description below.

The $line argument is supposed to be a simple scalar. Everything else is supposed to croak and set error 1500.

fragment

 my $AoA = $csv->fragment ($fh, $spec);

In specifications, "*" is used to specify the last item, a dash ("-") to indicate a range. All indices are 1-based: the first row or column has index 1. Selections can be combined with the semi-colon (";").

When using this method in combination with "column_names", the returned reference will point to a list of hashes instead of a list of lists. A disjointed cell-based combined selection might return rows with different number of columns making the use of hashes unpredictable.

 $csv->column_names ("Name", "Age");
 my $AoH = $csv->fragment ($fh, "col=3;8");

If the "after_parse" callback is active, it is also called on every line parsed and skipped before the fragment.

row

 row=4
 row=5-7
 row=6-*
 row=1-2;4;6-*
    

col

 col=2
 col=1-3
 col=4-*
 col=1-2;4;7-*
    

cell

In cell-based selection, the comma (",") is used to pair row and column

 cell=4,1
    

The range operator ("-") using "cell"s can be used to define top-left and bottom-right "cell" location

 cell=3,1-4,6
    

The "*" is only allowed in the second part of a pair

 cell=3,2-*,2    # row 3 till end, only column 2
 cell=3,2-3,*    # column 2 till end, only row 3
 cell=3,2-*,*    # strip row 1 and 2, and column 1
    

Cells and cell ranges may be combined with ";", possibly resulting in rows with different numbers of columns

 cell=1,1-2,2;3,3-4,4;1,4;4,1
    

Disjointed selections will only return selected cells. The cells that are not specified will not be included in the returned set, not even as "undef". As an example given a "CSV" like

 11,12,13,...19
 21,22,...28,29
 :            :
 91,...97,98,99
    

with "cell=1,1-2,2;3,3-4,4;1,4;4,1" will return:

 11,12,14
 21,22
 33,34
 41,43,44
    

Overlapping cell-specs will return those cells only once, So "cell=1,1-3,3;2,2-4,4;2,3;4,2" will return:

 11,12,13
 21,22,23,24
 31,32,33,34
 42,43,44
    

RFC7111 <http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7111> does not allow different types of specs to be combined (either "row" or "col" or "cell"). Passing an invalid fragment specification will croak and set error 2013.

column_names

"column_names" accepts a list of scalars (the column names) or a single array_ref, so you can pass the return value from "getline" too:

 $csv->column_names ($csv->getline ($fh));

"column_names" does no checking on duplicates at all, which might lead to unexpected results. Undefined entries will be replaced with the string "\cAUNDEF\cA", so

 $csv->column_names (undef, "", "name", "name");
 $hr = $csv->getline_hr ($fh);

will set "$hr->{"\cAUNDEF\cA"}" to the 1st field, "$hr->{""}" to the 2nd field, and "$hr->{name}" to the 4th field, discarding the 3rd field.

"column_names" croaks on invalid arguments.

header

Parse the CSV header and set "sep", column_names and encoding.

 my @hdr = $csv->header ($fh);
 $csv->header ($fh, { sep_set => [ ";", ",", "|", "\t" ] });
 $csv->header ($fh, { detect_bom => 1, munge_column_names => "lc" });

The first argument should be a file handle.

This method resets some object properties, as it is supposed to be invoked only once per file or stream. It will leave attributes "column_names" and "bound_columns" alone if setting column names is disabled. Reading headers on previously process objects might fail on perl-5.8.0 and older.

Assuming that the file opened for parsing has a header, and the header does not contain problematic characters like embedded newlines, read the first line from the open handle then auto-detect whether the header separates the column names with a character from the allowed separator list.

If any of the allowed separators matches, and none of the other allowed separators match, set "sep" to that separator for the current CSV instance and use it to parse the first line, map those to lowercase, and use that to set the instance "column_names":

 my $csv = Text::CSV->new ({ binary => 1, auto_diag => 1 });
 open my $fh, "<", "file.csv";
 binmode $fh; # for Windows
 $csv->header ($fh);
 while (my $row = $csv->getline_hr ($fh)) {
     ...
     }

If the header is empty, contains more than one unique separator out of the allowed set, contains empty fields, or contains identical fields (after folding), it will croak with error 1010, 1011, 1012, or 1013 respectively.

If the header contains embedded newlines or is not valid CSV in any other way, this method will croak and leave the parse error untouched.

A successful call to "header" will always set the "sep" of the $csv object. This behavior can not be disabled.

return value

On error this method will croak.

In list context, the headers will be returned whether they are used to set "column_names" or not.

In scalar context, the instance itself is returned. Note: the values as found in the header will effectively be lost if "set_column_names" is false.

Options

sep_set

 $csv->header ($fh, { sep_set => [ ";", ",", "|", "\t" ] });
    

The list of legal separators defaults to "[ ";", "," ]" and can be changed by this option. As this is probably the most often used option, it can be passed on its own as an unnamed argument:

 $csv->header ($fh, [ ";", ",", "|", "\t", "::", "\x{2063}" ]);
    

Multi-byte sequences are allowed, both multi-character and Unicode. See "sep".

detect_bom

 $csv->header ($fh, { detect_bom => 1 });
    

The default behavior is to detect if the header line starts with a BOM. If the header has a BOM, use that to set the encoding of $fh. This default behavior can be disabled by passing a false value to "detect_bom".

Supported encodings from BOM are: UTF-8, UTF-16BE, UTF-16LE, UTF-32BE, and UTF-32LE. BOM also supports UTF-1, UTF-EBCDIC, SCSU, BOCU-1, and GB-18030 but Encode does not (yet). UTF-7 is not supported.

If a supported BOM was detected as start of the stream, it is stored in the object attribute "ENCODING".

 my $enc = $csv->{ENCODING};
    

The encoding is used with "binmode" on $fh.

If the handle was opened in a (correct) encoding, this method will not alter the encoding, as it checks the leading bytes of the first line. In case the stream starts with a decoded BOM ("U+FEFF"), "{ENCODING}" will be "" (empty) instead of the default "undef".

munge_column_names

This option offers the means to modify the column names into something that is most useful to the application. The default is to map all column names to lower case.

 $csv->header ($fh, { munge_column_names => "lc" });
    

The following values are available:

  lc     - lower case
  uc     - upper case
  db     - valid DB field names
  none   - do not change
  \%hash - supply a mapping
  \&cb   - supply a callback
    

 $_ = lc (s/\W+/_/gr =~ s/^_+//r);

set_column_names

 $csv->header ($fh, { set_column_names => 1 });
    

The default is to set the instances column names using "column_names" if the method is successful, so subsequent calls to "getline_hr" can return a hash. Disable setting the header can be forced by using a false value for this option.

As described in "return value" above, content is lost in scalar context.

Validation

When receiving CSV files from external sources, this method can be used to protect against changes in the layout by restricting to known headers (and typos in the header fields).

 my %known = (
     "record key" => "c_rec",
     "rec id"     => "c_rec",
     "id_rec"     => "c_rec",
     "kode"       => "code",
     "code"       => "code",
     "vaule"      => "value",
     "value"      => "value",
     );
 my $csv = Text::CSV->new ({ binary => 1, auto_diag => 1 });
 open my $fh, "<", $source or die "$source: $!";
 $csv->header ($fh, { munge_column_names => sub {
     s/\s+$//;
     s/^\s+//;
     $known{lc $_} or die "Unknown column '$_' in $source";
     }});
 while (my $row = $csv->getline_hr ($fh)) {
     say join "\t", $row->{c_rec}, $row->{code}, $row->{value};
     }

bind_columns

 $csv->bind_columns (\$code, \$name, \$price, \$description);
 while ($csv->getline ($fh)) {
     print "The price of a $name is \x{20ac} $price\n";
     }

To reset or clear all column binding, call "bind_columns" with the single argument "undef". This will also clear column names.

 $csv->bind_columns (undef);

If no arguments are passed at all, "bind_columns" will return the list of current bindings or "undef" if no binds are active.

Note that in parsing with "bind_columns", the fields are set on the fly. That implies that if the third field of a row causes an error (or this row has just two fields where the previous row had more), the first two fields already have been assigned the values of the current row, while the rest of the fields will still hold the values of the previous row. If you want the parser to fail in these cases, use the "strict" attribute.

eof

 $eof = $csv->eof ();

If "parse" or "getline" was used with an IO stream, this method will return true (1) if the last call hit end of file, otherwise it will return false (''). This is useful to see the difference between a failure and end of file.

Note that if the parsing of the last line caused an error, "eof" is still true. That means that if you are not using "auto_diag", an idiom like

 while (my $row = $csv->getline ($fh)) {
     # ...
     }
 $csv->eof or $csv->error_diag;

will not report the error. You would have to change that to

 while (my $row = $csv->getline ($fh)) {
     # ...
     }
 +$csv->error_diag and $csv->error_diag;

types

 $csv->types (\@tref);

This method is used to force that (all) columns are of a given type. For example, if you have an integer column, two columns with doubles and a string column, then you might do a

 $csv->types ([Text::CSV::IV (),
               Text::CSV::NV (),
               Text::CSV::NV (),
               Text::CSV::PV ()]);

Column types are used only for decoding columns while parsing, in other words by the "parse" and "getline" methods.

You can unset column types by doing a

 $csv->types (undef);

or fetch the current type settings with

 $types = $csv->types ();

IV

Set field type to integer.

NV

Set field type to numeric/float.

PV

Set field type to string.

fields

 @columns = $csv->fields ();

This method returns the input to "combine" or the resultant decomposed fields of a successful "parse", whichever was called more recently.

Note that the return value is undefined after using "getline", which does not fill the data structures returned by "parse".

meta_info

 @flags = $csv->meta_info ();

This method returns the "flags" of the input to "combine" or the flags of the resultant decomposed fields of "parse", whichever was called more recently.

For each field, a meta_info field will hold flags that inform something about the field returned by the "fields" method or passed to the "combine" method. The flags are bit-wise-"or"'d like:

" "0x0001

The field was quoted.

" "0x0002

The field was binary.

See the "is_***" methods below.

is_quoted

 my $quoted = $csv->is_quoted ($column_idx);

where $column_idx is the (zero-based) index of the column in the last result of "parse".

This returns a true value if the data in the indicated column was enclosed in "quote_char" quotes. This might be important for fields where content ",20070108," is to be treated as a numeric value, and where ","20070108"," is explicitly marked as character string data.

This method is only valid when "keep_meta_info" is set to a true value.

is_binary

 my $binary = $csv->is_binary ($column_idx);

where $column_idx is the (zero-based) index of the column in the last result of "parse".

This returns a true value if the data in the indicated column contained any byte in the range "[\x00-\x08,\x10-\x1F,\x7F-\xFF]".

This method is only valid when "keep_meta_info" is set to a true value.

is_missing

 my $missing = $csv->is_missing ($column_idx);

where $column_idx is the (zero-based) index of the column in the last result of "getline_hr".

 $csv->keep_meta_info (1);
 while (my $hr = $csv->getline_hr ($fh)) {
     $csv->is_missing (0) and next; # This was an empty line
     }

When using "getline_hr", it is impossible to tell if the parsed fields are "undef" because they where not filled in the "CSV" stream or because they were not read at all, as all the fields defined by "column_names" are set in the hash-ref. If you still need to know if all fields in each row are provided, you should enable "keep_meta_info" so you can check the flags.

If "keep_meta_info" is "false", "is_missing" will always return "undef", regardless of $column_idx being valid or not. If this attribute is "true" it will return either 0 (the field is present) or 1 (the field is missing).

A special case is the empty line. If the line is completely empty - after dealing with the flags - this is still a valid CSV line: it is a record of just one single empty field. However, if "keep_meta_info" is set, invoking "is_missing" with index 0 will now return true.

status

 $status = $csv->status ();

This method returns the status of the last invoked "combine" or "parse" call. Status is success (true: 1) or failure (false: "undef" or 0).

Note that as this only keeps track of the status of above mentioned methods, you are probably looking for "error_diag" instead.

error_input

 $bad_argument = $csv->error_input ();

This method returns the erroneous argument (if it exists) of "combine" or "parse", whichever was called more recently. If the last invocation was successful, "error_input" will return "undef".

Depending on the type of error, it might also hold the data for the last error-input of "getline".

error_diag

 Text::CSV->error_diag ();
 $csv->error_diag ();
 $error_code               = 0  + $csv->error_diag ();
 $error_str                = "" . $csv->error_diag ();
 ($cde, $str, $pos, $rec, $fld) = $csv->error_diag ();

If (and only if) an error occurred, this function returns the diagnostics of that error.

If called in void context, this will print the internal error code and the associated error message to STDERR.

If called in list context, this will return the error code and the error message in that order. If the last error was from parsing, the rest of the values returned are a best guess at the location within the line that was being parsed. Their values are 1-based. The position currently is index of the byte at which the parsing failed in the current record. It might change to be the index of the current character in a later release. The records is the index of the record parsed by the csv instance. The field number is the index of the field the parser thinks it is currently trying to parse. See examples/csv-check for how this can be used.

If called in scalar context, it will return the diagnostics in a single scalar, a-la $!. It will contain the error code in numeric context, and the diagnostics message in string context.

When called as a class method or a direct function call, the diagnostics are that of the last "new" call.

record_number

 $recno = $csv->record_number ();

Returns the records parsed by this csv instance. This value should be more accurate than $. when embedded newlines come in play. Records written by this instance are not counted.

SetDiag

 $csv->SetDiag (0);

Use to reset the diagnostics if you are dealing with errors.

csv

 use Text::CSV qw( csv );

This is a high-level function that aims at simple (user) interfaces. This can be used to read/parse a "CSV" file or stream (the default behavior) or to produce a file or write to a stream (define the "out" attribute). It returns an array- or hash-reference on parsing (or "undef" on fail) or the numeric value of "error_diag" on writing. When this function fails you can get to the error using the class call to "error_diag"

 my $aoa = csv (in => "test.csv") or
     die Text::CSV->error_diag;

This function takes the arguments as key-value pairs. This can be passed as a list or as an anonymous hash:

 my $aoa = csv (  in => "test.csv", sep_char => ";");
 my $aoh = csv ({ in => $fh, headers => "auto" });

The arguments passed consist of two parts: the arguments to "csv" itself and the optional attributes to the "CSV" object used inside the function as enumerated and explained in "new".

If not overridden, the default option used for CSV is

 auto_diag   => 1
 escape_null => 0

The option that is always set and cannot be altered is

 binary      => 1

As this function will likely be used in one-liners, it allows "quote" to be abbreviated as "quo", and "escape_char" to be abbreviated as "esc" or "escape".

Alternative invocations:

 my $aoa = Text::CSV::csv (in => "file.csv");

 my $csv = Text::CSV->new ();
 my $aoa = $csv->csv (in => "file.csv");

In the latter case, the object attributes are used from the existing object and the attribute arguments in the function call are ignored:

 my $csv = Text::CSV->new ({ sep_char => ";" });
 my $aoh = $csv->csv (in => "file.csv", bom => 1);

will parse using ";" as "sep_char", not ",".

in

Used to specify the source. "in" can be a file name (e.g. "file.csv"), which will be opened for reading and closed when finished, a file handle (e.g. $fh or "FH"), a reference to a glob (e.g. "\*ARGV"), the glob itself (e.g. *STDIN), or a reference to a scalar (e.g. "\q{1,2,"csv"}").

When used with "out", "in" should be a reference to a CSV structure (AoA or AoH) or a CODE-ref that returns an array-reference or a hash-reference. The code-ref will be invoked with no arguments.

 my $aoa = csv (in => "file.csv");

 open my $fh, "<", "file.csv";
 my $aoa = csv (in => $fh);

 my $csv = [ [qw( Foo Bar )], [ 1, 2 ], [ 2, 3 ]];
 my $err = csv (in => $csv, out => "file.csv");

If called in void context without the "out" attribute, the resulting ref will be used as input to a subsequent call to csv:

 csv (in => "file.csv", filter => { 2 => sub { length > 2 }})

will be a shortcut to

 csv (in => csv (in => "file.csv", filter => { 2 => sub { length > 2 }}))

where, in the absence of the "out" attribute, this is a shortcut to

 csv (in  => csv (in => "file.csv", filter => { 2 => sub { length > 2 }}),
      out => *STDOUT)

out

 csv (in => $aoa, out => "file.csv");
 csv (in => $aoa, out => $fh);
 csv (in => $aoa, out =>   STDOUT);
 csv (in => $aoa, out =>  *STDOUT);
 csv (in => $aoa, out => \*STDOUT);
 csv (in => $aoa, out => \my $data);
 csv (in => $aoa, out =>  undef);
 csv (in => $aoa, out => \"skip");

 csv (in => $fh,  out => \@aoa);
 csv (in => $fh,  out => \@aoh, bom => 1);
 csv (in => $fh,  out => \%hsh, key => "key");

In output mode, the default CSV options when producing CSV are

 eol       => "\r\n"

The "fragment" attribute is ignored in output mode.

"out" can be a file name (e.g. "file.csv"), which will be opened for writing and closed when finished, a file handle (e.g. $fh or "FH"), a reference to a glob (e.g. "\*STDOUT"), the glob itself (e.g. *STDOUT), or a reference to a scalar (e.g. "\my $data").

 csv (in => sub { $sth->fetch },            out => "dump.csv");
 csv (in => sub { $sth->fetchrow_hashref }, out => "dump.csv",
      headers => $sth->{NAME_lc});

When a code-ref is used for "in", the output is generated per invocation, so no buffering is involved. This implies that there is no size restriction on the number of records. The "csv" function ends when the coderef returns a false value.

If "out" is set to a reference of the literal string "skip", the output will be suppressed completely, which might be useful in combination with a filter for side effects only.

 my %cache;
 csv (in    => "dump.csv",
      out   => \"skip",
      on_in => sub { $cache{$_[1][1]}++ });

Currently, setting "out" to any false value ("undef", "", 0) will be equivalent to "\"skip"".

If the "in" argument point to something to parse, and the "out" is set to a reference to an "ARRAY" or a "HASH", the output is appended to the data in the existing reference. The result of the parse should match what exists in the reference passed. This might come handy when you have to parse a set of files with similar content (like data stored per period) and you want to collect that into a single data structure:

 my %hash;
 csv (in => $_, out => \%hash, key => "id") for sort glob "foo-[0-9]*.csv";

 my @list; # List of arrays
 csv (in => $_, out => \@list)              for sort glob "foo-[0-9]*.csv";

 my @list; # List of hashes
 csv (in => $_, out => \@list, bom => 1)    for sort glob "foo-[0-9]*.csv";

encoding

If passed, it should be an encoding accepted by the ":encoding()" option to "open". There is no default value. This attribute does not work in perl 5.6.x. "encoding" can be abbreviated to "enc" for ease of use in command line invocations.

If "encoding" is set to the literal value "auto", the method "header" will be invoked on the opened stream to check if there is a BOM and set the encoding accordingly. This is equal to passing a true value in the option "detect_bom".

Encodings can be stacked, as supported by "binmode":

 # Using PerlIO::via::gzip
 csv (in       => \@csv,
      out      => "test.csv:via.gz",
      encoding => ":via(gzip):encoding(utf-8)",
      );
 $aoa = csv (in => "test.csv:via.gz",  encoding => ":via(gzip)");

 # Using PerlIO::gzip
 csv (in       => \@csv,
      out      => "test.csv:via.gz",
      encoding => ":gzip:encoding(utf-8)",
      );
 $aoa = csv (in => "test.csv:gzip.gz", encoding => ":gzip");

detect_bom

If "detect_bom" is given, the method "header" will be invoked on the opened stream to check if there is a BOM and set the encoding accordingly.

"detect_bom" can be abbreviated to "bom".

This is the same as setting "encoding" to "auto".

Note that as the method "header" is invoked, its default is to also set the headers.

headers

If this attribute is not given, the default behavior is to produce an array of arrays.

If "headers" is supplied, it should be an anonymous list of column names, an anonymous hashref, a coderef, or a literal flag: "auto", "lc", "uc", or "skip".

skip

When "skip" is used, the header will not be included in the output.

 my $aoa = csv (in => $fh, headers => "skip");
    

auto

If "auto" is used, the first line of the "CSV" source will be read as the list of field headers and used to produce an array of hashes.

 my $aoh = csv (in => $fh, headers => "auto");
    

lc

If "lc" is used, the first line of the "CSV" source will be read as the list of field headers mapped to lower case and used to produce an array of hashes. This is a variation of "auto".

 my $aoh = csv (in => $fh, headers => "lc");
    

uc

If "uc" is used, the first line of the "CSV" source will be read as the list of field headers mapped to upper case and used to produce an array of hashes. This is a variation of "auto".

 my $aoh = csv (in => $fh, headers => "uc");
    

CODE

If a coderef is used, the first line of the "CSV" source will be read as the list of mangled field headers in which each field is passed as the only argument to the coderef. This list is used to produce an array of hashes.

 my $aoh = csv (in      => $fh,
                headers => sub { lc ($_[0]) =~ s/kode/code/gr });
    

this example is a variation of using "lc" where all occurrences of "kode" are replaced with "code".

ARRAY

If "headers" is an anonymous list, the entries in the list will be used as field names. The first line is considered data instead of headers.

 my $aoh = csv (in => $fh, headers => [qw( Foo Bar )]);
 csv (in => $aoa, out => $fh, headers => [qw( code description price )]);
    

HASH

If "headers" is a hash reference, this implies "auto", but header fields that exist as key in the hashref will be replaced by the value for that key. Given a CSV file like

 post-kode,city,name,id number,fubble
 1234AA,Duckstad,Donald,13,"X313DF"
    

using

 csv (headers => { "post-kode" => "pc", "id number" => "ID" }, ...
    

will return an entry like

 { pc     => "1234AA",
   city   => "Duckstad",
   name   => "Donald",
   ID     => "13",
   fubble => "X313DF",
   }
    

See also "munge_column_names" and "set_column_names".

munge_column_names

If "munge_column_names" is set, the method "header" is invoked on the opened stream with all matching arguments to detect and set the headers.

"munge_column_names" can be abbreviated to "munge".

key

If passed, will default "headers" to "auto" and return a hashref instead of an array of hashes. Allowed values are simple scalars or array-references where the first element is the joiner and the rest are the fields to join to combine the key.

 my $ref = csv (in => "test.csv", key => "code");
 my $ref = csv (in => "test.csv", key => [ ":" => "code", "color" ]);

with test.csv like

 code,product,price,color
 1,pc,850,gray
 2,keyboard,12,white
 3,mouse,5,black

the first example will return

  { 1   => {
        code    => 1,
        color   => 'gray',
        price   => 850,
        product => 'pc'
        },
    2   => {
        code    => 2,
        color   => 'white',
        price   => 12,
        product => 'keyboard'
        },
    3   => {
        code    => 3,
        color   => 'black',
        price   => 5,
        product => 'mouse'
        }
    }

the second example will return

  { "1:gray"    => {
        code    => 1,
        color   => 'gray',
        price   => 850,
        product => 'pc'
        },
    "2:white"   => {
        code    => 2,
        color   => 'white',
        price   => 12,
        product => 'keyboard'
        },
    "3:black"   => {
        code    => 3,
        color   => 'black',
        price   => 5,
        product => 'mouse'
        }
    }

The "key" attribute can be combined with "headers" for "CSV" date that has no header line, like

 my $ref = csv (
     in      => "foo.csv",
     headers => [qw( c_foo foo bar description stock )],
     key     =>     "c_foo",
     );

value

Used to create key-value hashes.

Only allowed when "key" is valid. A "value" can be either a single column label or an anonymous list of column labels. In the first case, the value will be a simple scalar value, in the latter case, it will be a hashref.

 my $ref = csv (in => "test.csv", key   => "code",
                                  value => "price");
 my $ref = csv (in => "test.csv", key   => "code",
                                  value => [ "product", "price" ]);
 my $ref = csv (in => "test.csv", key   => [ ":" => "code", "color" ],
                                  value => "price");
 my $ref = csv (in => "test.csv", key   => [ ":" => "code", "color" ],
                                  value => [ "product", "price" ]);

with test.csv like

 code,product,price,color
 1,pc,850,gray
 2,keyboard,12,white
 3,mouse,5,black

the first example will return

  { 1 => 850,
    2 =>  12,
    3 =>   5,
    }

the second example will return

  { 1   => {
        price   => 850,
        product => 'pc'
        },
    2   => {
        price   => 12,
        product => 'keyboard'
        },
    3   => {
        price   => 5,
        product => 'mouse'
        }
    }

the third example will return

  { "1:gray"    => 850,
    "2:white"   =>  12,
    "3:black"   =>   5,
    }

the fourth example will return

  { "1:gray"    => {
        price   => 850,
        product => 'pc'
        },
    "2:white"   => {
        price   => 12,
        product => 'keyboard'
        },
    "3:black"   => {
        price   => 5,
        product => 'mouse'
        }
    }

keep_headers

When using hashes, keep the column names into the arrayref passed, so all headers are available after the call in the original order.

 my $aoh = csv (in => "file.csv", keep_headers => \my @hdr);

This attribute can be abbreviated to "kh" or passed as "keep_column_names".

This attribute implies a default of "auto" for the "headers" attribute.

fragment

Only output the fragment as defined in the "fragment" method. This option is ignored when generating "CSV". See "out".

Combining all of them could give something like

 use Text::CSV qw( csv );
 my $aoh = csv (
     in       => "test.txt",
     encoding => "utf-8",
     headers  => "auto",
     sep_char => "|",
     fragment => "row=3;6-9;15-*",
     );
 say $aoh->[15]{Foo};

sep_set

If "sep_set" is set, the method "header" is invoked on the opened stream to detect and set "sep_char" with the given set.

"sep_set" can be abbreviated to "seps".

Note that as the "header" method is invoked, its default is to also set the headers.

set_column_names

If "set_column_names" is passed, the method "header" is invoked on the opened stream with all arguments meant for "header".

If "set_column_names" is passed as a false value, the content of the first row is only preserved if the output is AoA:

With an input-file like

 bAr,foo
 1,2
 3,4,5

This call

 my $aoa = csv (in => $file, set_column_names => 0);

will result in

 [[ "bar", "foo"     ],
  [ "1",   "2"       ],
  [ "3",   "4",  "5" ]]

and

 my $aoa = csv (in => $file, set_column_names => 0, munge => "none");

will result in

 [[ "bAr", "foo"     ],
  [ "1",   "2"       ],
  [ "3",   "4",  "5" ]]

Callbacks

While most of what this enables can easily be done in an unrolled loop as described in the "SYNOPSIS" callbacks can be used to meet special demands or enhance the "csv" function.

error

 $csv->callbacks (error => sub { $csv->SetDiag (0) });
    

the "error" callback is invoked when an error occurs, but only when "auto_diag" is set to a true value. A callback is invoked with the values returned by "error_diag":

 my ($c, $s);

 sub ignore3006 {
     my ($err, $msg, $pos, $recno, $fldno) = @_;
     if ($err == 3006) {
         # ignore this error
         ($c, $s) = (undef, undef);
         Text::CSV->SetDiag (0);
         }
     # Any other error
     return;
     } # ignore3006

 $csv->callbacks (error => \&ignore3006);
 $csv->bind_columns (\$c, \$s);
 while ($csv->getline ($fh)) {
     # Error 3006 will not stop the loop
     }
    

after_parse

 $csv->callbacks (after_parse => sub { push @{$_[1]}, "NEW" });
 while (my $row = $csv->getline ($fh)) {
     $row->[-1] eq "NEW";
     }
    

This callback is invoked after parsing with "getline" only if no error occurred. The callback is invoked with two arguments: the current "CSV" parser object and an array reference to the fields parsed.

The return code of the callback is ignored unless it is a reference to the string "skip", in which case the record will be skipped in "getline_all".

 sub add_from_db {
     my ($csv, $row) = @_;
     $sth->execute ($row->[4]);
     push @$row, $sth->fetchrow_array;
     } # add_from_db

 my $aoa = csv (in => "file.csv", callbacks => {
     after_parse => \&add_from_db });
    

This hook can be used for validation:

before_print

 my $idx = 1;
 $csv->callbacks (before_print => sub { $_[1][0] = $idx++ });
 $csv->print (*STDOUT, [ 0, $_ ]) for @members;
    

This callback is invoked before printing with "print" only if no error occurred. The callback is invoked with two arguments: the current "CSV" parser object and an array reference to the fields passed.

The return code of the callback is ignored.

 sub max_4_fields {
     my ($csv, $row) = @_;
     @$row > 4 and splice @$row, 4;
     } # max_4_fields

 csv (in => csv (in => "file.csv"), out => *STDOUT,
     callbacks => { before_print => \&max_4_fields });
    

This callback is not active for "combine".

Callbacks for csv ()

The "csv" allows for some callbacks that do not integrate in XS internals but only feature the "csv" function.

  csv (in        => "file.csv",
       callbacks => {
           filter       => { 6 => sub { $_ > 15 } },    # first
           after_parse  => sub { say "AFTER PARSE";  }, # first
           after_in     => sub { say "AFTER IN";     }, # second
           on_in        => sub { say "ON IN";        }, # third
           },
       );

  csv (in        => $aoh,
       out       => "file.csv",
       callbacks => {
           on_in        => sub { say "ON IN";        }, # first
           before_out   => sub { say "BEFORE OUT";   }, # second
           before_print => sub { say "BEFORE PRINT"; }, # third
           },
       );

filter

This callback can be used to filter records. It is called just after a new record has been scanned. The callback accepts a:

 use Types::Standard -types;

 my $type   = Tuple[Str, Str, Int, Bool, Optional[Num]];
 my $check  = $type->compiled_check;

 # filter with compiled check and warnings
 my $aoa = csv (
    in     => \$data,
    filter => {
        0 => sub {
            my $ok = $check->($_[1]) or
                warn $type->get_message ($_[1]), "\n";
            return $ok;
            },
        },
    );

after_in

This callback is invoked for each record after all records have been parsed but before returning the reference to the caller. The hook is invoked with two arguments: the current "CSV" parser object and a reference to the record. The reference can be a reference to a HASH or a reference to an ARRAY as determined by the arguments.

This callback can also be passed as an attribute without the "callbacks" wrapper.

before_out

This callback is invoked for each record before the record is printed. The hook is invoked with two arguments: the current "CSV" parser object and a reference to the record. The reference can be a reference to a HASH or a reference to an ARRAY as determined by the arguments.

This callback can also be passed as an attribute without the "callbacks" wrapper.

This callback makes the row available in %_ if the row is a hashref. In this case %_ is writable and will change the original row.

on_in

This callback acts exactly as the "after_in" or the "before_out" hooks.

This callback can also be passed as an attribute without the "callbacks" wrapper.

This callback makes the row available in %_ if the row is a hashref. In this case %_ is writable and will change the original row. So e.g. with

  my $aoh = csv (
      in      => \"foo\n1\n2\n",
      headers => "auto",
      on_in   => sub { $_{bar} = 2; },
      );
    

$aoh will be:

  [ { foo => 1,
      bar => 2,
      }
    { foo => 2,
      bar => 2,
      }
    ]
    

csv

The function "csv" can also be called as a method or with an existing Text::CSV object. This could help if the function is to be invoked a lot of times and the overhead of creating the object internally over and over again would be prevented by passing an existing instance.

 my $csv = Text::CSV->new ({ binary => 1, auto_diag => 1 });

 my $aoa = $csv->csv (in => $fh);
 my $aoa = csv (in => $fh, csv => $csv);
    

both act the same. Running this 20000 times on a 20 lines CSV file, showed a 53% speedup.