DGEES computes for an N-by-N real nonsymmetric matrix A, the
 eigenvalues, the real Schur form T, and, optionally, the matrix of
 Schur vectors Z.  This gives the Schur factorization A = Z*T*(Z**T).
 Optionally, it also orders the eigenvalues on the diagonal of the
 real Schur form so that selected eigenvalues are at the top left.
 The leading columns of Z then form an orthonormal basis for the
 invariant subspace corresponding to the selected eigenvalues.
 A matrix is in real Schur form if it is upper quasi-triangular with
 1-by-1 and 2-by-2 blocks. 2-by-2 blocks will be standardized in the
 form
         [  a  b  ]
         [  c  a  ]
 where b*c < 0. The eigenvalues of such a block are a +- sqrt(bc).

JOBVS

          JOBVS is CHARACTER*1
          = 'N': Schur vectors are not computed;
          = 'V': Schur vectors are computed.

SORT

          SORT is CHARACTER*1
          Specifies whether or not to order the eigenvalues on the
          diagonal of the Schur form.
          = 'N': Eigenvalues are not ordered;
          = 'S': Eigenvalues are ordered (see SELECT).

SELECT

          SELECT is a LOGICAL FUNCTION of two DOUBLE PRECISION arguments
          SELECT must be declared EXTERNAL in the calling subroutine.
          If SORT = 'S', SELECT is used to select eigenvalues to sort
          to the top left of the Schur form.
          If SORT = 'N', SELECT is not referenced.
          An eigenvalue WR(j)+sqrt(-1)*WI(j) is selected if
          SELECT(WR(j),WI(j)) is true; i.e., if either one of a complex
          conjugate pair of eigenvalues is selected, then both complex
          eigenvalues are selected.
          Note that a selected complex eigenvalue may no longer
          satisfy SELECT(WR(j),WI(j)) = .TRUE. after ordering, since
          ordering may change the value of complex eigenvalues
          (especially if the eigenvalue is ill-conditioned); in this
          case INFO is set to N+2 (see INFO below).

N

          N is INTEGER
          The order of the matrix A. N >= 0.

A

          A is DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (LDA,N)
          On entry, the N-by-N matrix A.
          On exit, A has been overwritten by its real Schur form T.

LDA

          LDA is INTEGER
          The leading dimension of the array A.  LDA >= max(1,N).

SDIM

          SDIM is INTEGER
          If SORT = 'N', SDIM = 0.
          If SORT = 'S', SDIM = number of eigenvalues (after sorting)
                         for which SELECT is true. (Complex conjugate
                         pairs for which SELECT is true for either
                         eigenvalue count as 2.)

WR

          WR is DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (N)

WI

          WI is DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (N)
          WR and WI contain the real and imaginary parts,
          respectively, of the computed eigenvalues in the same order
          that they appear on the diagonal of the output Schur form T.
          Complex conjugate pairs of eigenvalues will appear
          consecutively with the eigenvalue having the positive
          imaginary part first.

VS

          VS is DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (LDVS,N)
          If JOBVS = 'V', VS contains the orthogonal matrix Z of Schur
          vectors.
          If JOBVS = 'N', VS is not referenced.

LDVS

          LDVS is INTEGER
          The leading dimension of the array VS.  LDVS >= 1; if
          JOBVS = 'V', LDVS >= N.

WORK

          WORK is DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (MAX(1,LWORK))
          On exit, if INFO = 0, WORK(1) contains the optimal LWORK.

LWORK

          LWORK is INTEGER
          The dimension of the array WORK.  LWORK >= max(1,3*N).
          For good performance, LWORK must generally be larger.
          If LWORK = -1, then a workspace query is assumed; the routine
          only calculates the optimal size of the WORK array, returns
          this value as the first entry of the WORK array, and no error
          message related to LWORK is issued by XERBLA.

BWORK

          BWORK is LOGICAL array, dimension (N)
          Not referenced if SORT = 'N'.

INFO

          INFO is INTEGER
          = 0: successful exit
          < 0: if INFO = -i, the i-th argument had an illegal value.
          > 0: if INFO = i, and i is
             <= N: the QR algorithm failed to compute all the
                   eigenvalues; elements 1:ILO-1 and i+1:N of WR and WI
                   contain those eigenvalues which have converged; if
                   JOBVS = 'V', VS contains the matrix which reduces A
                   to its partially converged Schur form.
             = N+1: the eigenvalues could not be reordered because some
                   eigenvalues were too close to separate (the problem
                   is very ill-conditioned);
             = N+2: after reordering, roundoff changed values of some
                   complex eigenvalues so that leading eigenvalues in
                   the Schur form no longer satisfy SELECT=.TRUE.  This
                   could also be caused by underflow due to scaling.

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 DGEESX computes for an N-by-N real nonsymmetric matrix A, the
 eigenvalues, the real Schur form T, and, optionally, the matrix of
 Schur vectors Z.  This gives the Schur factorization A = Z*T*(Z**T).
 Optionally, it also orders the eigenvalues on the diagonal of the
 real Schur form so that selected eigenvalues are at the top left;
 computes a reciprocal condition number for the average of the
 selected eigenvalues (RCONDE); and computes a reciprocal condition
 number for the right invariant subspace corresponding to the
 selected eigenvalues (RCONDV).  The leading columns of Z form an
 orthonormal basis for this invariant subspace.
 For further explanation of the reciprocal condition numbers RCONDE
 and RCONDV, see Section 4.10 of the LAPACK Users' Guide (where
 these quantities are called s and sep respectively).
 A real matrix is in real Schur form if it is upper quasi-triangular
 with 1-by-1 and 2-by-2 blocks. 2-by-2 blocks will be standardized in
 the form
           [  a  b  ]
           [  c  a  ]
 where b*c < 0. The eigenvalues of such a block are a +- sqrt(bc).

JOBVS

          JOBVS is CHARACTER*1
          = 'N': Schur vectors are not computed;
          = 'V': Schur vectors are computed.

SORT

          SORT is CHARACTER*1
          Specifies whether or not to order the eigenvalues on the
          diagonal of the Schur form.
          = 'N': Eigenvalues are not ordered;
          = 'S': Eigenvalues are ordered (see SELECT).

SELECT

          SELECT is a LOGICAL FUNCTION of two DOUBLE PRECISION arguments
          SELECT must be declared EXTERNAL in the calling subroutine.
          If SORT = 'S', SELECT is used to select eigenvalues to sort
          to the top left of the Schur form.
          If SORT = 'N', SELECT is not referenced.
          An eigenvalue WR(j)+sqrt(-1)*WI(j) is selected if
          SELECT(WR(j),WI(j)) is true; i.e., if either one of a
          complex conjugate pair of eigenvalues is selected, then both
          are.  Note that a selected complex eigenvalue may no longer
          satisfy SELECT(WR(j),WI(j)) = .TRUE. after ordering, since
          ordering may change the value of complex eigenvalues
          (especially if the eigenvalue is ill-conditioned); in this
          case INFO may be set to N+3 (see INFO below).

SENSE

          SENSE is CHARACTER*1
          Determines which reciprocal condition numbers are computed.
          = 'N': None are computed;
          = 'E': Computed for average of selected eigenvalues only;
          = 'V': Computed for selected right invariant subspace only;
          = 'B': Computed for both.
          If SENSE = 'E', 'V' or 'B', SORT must equal 'S'.

N

          N is INTEGER
          The order of the matrix A. N >= 0.

A

          A is DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (LDA, N)
          On entry, the N-by-N matrix A.
          On exit, A is overwritten by its real Schur form T.

LDA

          LDA is INTEGER
          The leading dimension of the array A.  LDA >= max(1,N).

SDIM

          SDIM is INTEGER
          If SORT = 'N', SDIM = 0.
          If SORT = 'S', SDIM = number of eigenvalues (after sorting)
                         for which SELECT is true. (Complex conjugate
                         pairs for which SELECT is true for either
                         eigenvalue count as 2.)

WR

          WR is DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (N)

WI

          WI is DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (N)
          WR and WI contain the real and imaginary parts, respectively,
          of the computed eigenvalues, in the same order that they
          appear on the diagonal of the output Schur form T.  Complex
          conjugate pairs of eigenvalues appear consecutively with the
          eigenvalue having the positive imaginary part first.

VS

          VS is DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (LDVS,N)
          If JOBVS = 'V', VS contains the orthogonal matrix Z of Schur
          vectors.
          If JOBVS = 'N', VS is not referenced.

LDVS

          LDVS is INTEGER
          The leading dimension of the array VS.  LDVS >= 1, and if
          JOBVS = 'V', LDVS >= N.

RCONDE

          RCONDE is DOUBLE PRECISION
          If SENSE = 'E' or 'B', RCONDE contains the reciprocal
          condition number for the average of the selected eigenvalues.
          Not referenced if SENSE = 'N' or 'V'.

RCONDV

          RCONDV is DOUBLE PRECISION
          If SENSE = 'V' or 'B', RCONDV contains the reciprocal
          condition number for the selected right invariant subspace.
          Not referenced if SENSE = 'N' or 'E'.

WORK

          WORK is DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (MAX(1,LWORK))
          On exit, if INFO = 0, WORK(1) returns the optimal LWORK.

LWORK

          LWORK is INTEGER
          The dimension of the array WORK.  LWORK >= max(1,3*N).
          Also, if SENSE = 'E' or 'V' or 'B',
          LWORK >= N+2*SDIM*(N-SDIM), where SDIM is the number of
          selected eigenvalues computed by this routine.  Note that
          N+2*SDIM*(N-SDIM) <= N+N*N/2. Note also that an error is only
          returned if LWORK < max(1,3*N), but if SENSE = 'E' or 'V' or
          'B' this may not be large enough.
          For good performance, LWORK must generally be larger.
          If LWORK = -1, then a workspace query is assumed; the routine
          only calculates upper bounds on the optimal sizes of the
          arrays WORK and IWORK, returns these values as the first
          entries of the WORK and IWORK arrays, and no error messages
          related to LWORK or LIWORK are issued by XERBLA.

IWORK

          IWORK is INTEGER array, dimension (MAX(1,LIWORK))
          On exit, if INFO = 0, IWORK(1) returns the optimal LIWORK.

LIWORK

          LIWORK is INTEGER
          The dimension of the array IWORK.
          LIWORK >= 1; if SENSE = 'V' or 'B', LIWORK >= SDIM*(N-SDIM).
          Note that SDIM*(N-SDIM) <= N*N/4. Note also that an error is
          only returned if LIWORK < 1, but if SENSE = 'V' or 'B' this
          may not be large enough.
          If LIWORK = -1, then a workspace query is assumed; the
          routine only calculates upper bounds on the optimal sizes of
          the arrays WORK and IWORK, returns these values as the first
          entries of the WORK and IWORK arrays, and no error messages
          related to LWORK or LIWORK are issued by XERBLA.

BWORK

          BWORK is LOGICAL array, dimension (N)
          Not referenced if SORT = 'N'.

INFO

          INFO is INTEGER
          = 0: successful exit
          < 0: if INFO = -i, the i-th argument had an illegal value.
          > 0: if INFO = i, and i is
             <= N: the QR algorithm failed to compute all the
                   eigenvalues; elements 1:ILO-1 and i+1:N of WR and WI
                   contain those eigenvalues which have converged; if
                   JOBVS = 'V', VS contains the transformation which
                   reduces A to its partially converged Schur form.
             = N+1: the eigenvalues could not be reordered because some
                   eigenvalues were too close to separate (the problem
                   is very ill-conditioned);
             = N+2: after reordering, roundoff changed values of some
                   complex eigenvalues so that leading eigenvalues in
                   the Schur form no longer satisfy SELECT=.TRUE.  This
                   could also be caused by underflow due to scaling.

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 DGEEV computes for an N-by-N real nonsymmetric matrix A, the
 eigenvalues and, optionally, the left and/or right eigenvectors.
 The right eigenvector v(j) of A satisfies
                  A * v(j) = lambda(j) * v(j)
 where lambda(j) is its eigenvalue.
 The left eigenvector u(j) of A satisfies
               u(j)**H * A = lambda(j) * u(j)**H
 where u(j)**H denotes the conjugate-transpose of u(j).
 The computed eigenvectors are normalized to have Euclidean norm
 equal to 1 and largest component real.

JOBVL

          JOBVL is CHARACTER*1
          = 'N': left eigenvectors of A are not computed;
          = 'V': left eigenvectors of A are computed.

JOBVR

          JOBVR is CHARACTER*1
          = 'N': right eigenvectors of A are not computed;
          = 'V': right eigenvectors of A are computed.

N

          N is INTEGER
          The order of the matrix A. N >= 0.

A

          A is DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (LDA,N)
          On entry, the N-by-N matrix A.
          On exit, A has been overwritten.

LDA

          LDA is INTEGER
          The leading dimension of the array A.  LDA >= max(1,N).

WR

          WR is DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (N)

WI

          WI is DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (N)
          WR and WI contain the real and imaginary parts,
          respectively, of the computed eigenvalues.  Complex
          conjugate pairs of eigenvalues appear consecutively
          with the eigenvalue having the positive imaginary part
          first.

VL

          VL is DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (LDVL,N)
          If JOBVL = 'V', the left eigenvectors u(j) are stored one
          after another in the columns of VL, in the same order
          as their eigenvalues.
          If JOBVL = 'N', VL is not referenced.
          If the j-th eigenvalue is real, then u(j) = VL(:,j),
          the j-th column of VL.
          If the j-th and (j+1)-st eigenvalues form a complex
          conjugate pair, then u(j) = VL(:,j) + i*VL(:,j+1) and
          u(j+1) = VL(:,j) - i*VL(:,j+1).

LDVL

          LDVL is INTEGER
          The leading dimension of the array VL.  LDVL >= 1; if
          JOBVL = 'V', LDVL >= N.

VR

          VR is DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (LDVR,N)
          If JOBVR = 'V', the right eigenvectors v(j) are stored one
          after another in the columns of VR, in the same order
          as their eigenvalues.
          If JOBVR = 'N', VR is not referenced.
          If the j-th eigenvalue is real, then v(j) = VR(:,j),
          the j-th column of VR.
          If the j-th and (j+1)-st eigenvalues form a complex
          conjugate pair, then v(j) = VR(:,j) + i*VR(:,j+1) and
          v(j+1) = VR(:,j) - i*VR(:,j+1).

LDVR

          LDVR is INTEGER
          The leading dimension of the array VR.  LDVR >= 1; if
          JOBVR = 'V', LDVR >= N.

WORK

          WORK is DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (MAX(1,LWORK))
          On exit, if INFO = 0, WORK(1) returns the optimal LWORK.

LWORK

          LWORK is INTEGER
          The dimension of the array WORK.  LWORK >= max(1,3*N), and
          if JOBVL = 'V' or JOBVR = 'V', LWORK >= 4*N.  For good
          performance, LWORK must generally be larger.
          If LWORK = -1, then a workspace query is assumed; the routine
          only calculates the optimal size of the WORK array, returns
          this value as the first entry of the WORK array, and no error
          message related to LWORK is issued by XERBLA.

INFO

          INFO is INTEGER
          = 0:  successful exit
          < 0:  if INFO = -i, the i-th argument had an illegal value.
          > 0:  if INFO = i, the QR algorithm failed to compute all the
                eigenvalues, and no eigenvectors have been computed;
                elements i+1:N of WR and WI contain eigenvalues which
                have converged.

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NAG Ltd.

 DGEEVX computes for an N-by-N real nonsymmetric matrix A, the
 eigenvalues and, optionally, the left and/or right eigenvectors.
 Optionally also, it computes a balancing transformation to improve
 the conditioning of the eigenvalues and eigenvectors (ILO, IHI,
 SCALE, and ABNRM), reciprocal condition numbers for the eigenvalues
 (RCONDE), and reciprocal condition numbers for the right
 eigenvectors (RCONDV).
 The right eigenvector v(j) of A satisfies
                  A * v(j) = lambda(j) * v(j)
 where lambda(j) is its eigenvalue.
 The left eigenvector u(j) of A satisfies
               u(j)**H * A = lambda(j) * u(j)**H
 where u(j)**H denotes the conjugate-transpose of u(j).
 The computed eigenvectors are normalized to have Euclidean norm
 equal to 1 and largest component real.
 Balancing a matrix means permuting the rows and columns to make it
 more nearly upper triangular, and applying a diagonal similarity
 transformation D * A * D**(-1), where D is a diagonal matrix, to
 make its rows and columns closer in norm and the condition numbers
 of its eigenvalues and eigenvectors smaller.  The computed
 reciprocal condition numbers correspond to the balanced matrix.
 Permuting rows and columns will not change the condition numbers
 (in exact arithmetic) but diagonal scaling will.  For further
 explanation of balancing, see section 4.10.2 of the LAPACK
 Users' Guide.

BALANC

          BALANC is CHARACTER*1
          Indicates how the input matrix should be diagonally scaled
          and/or permuted to improve the conditioning of its
          eigenvalues.
          = 'N': Do not diagonally scale or permute;
          = 'P': Perform permutations to make the matrix more nearly
                 upper triangular. Do not diagonally scale;
          = 'S': Diagonally scale the matrix, i.e. replace A by
                 D*A*D**(-1), where D is a diagonal matrix chosen
                 to make the rows and columns of A more equal in
                 norm. Do not permute;
          = 'B': Both diagonally scale and permute A.
          Computed reciprocal condition numbers will be for the matrix
          after balancing and/or permuting. Permuting does not change
          condition numbers (in exact arithmetic), but balancing does.

JOBVL

          JOBVL is CHARACTER*1
          = 'N': left eigenvectors of A are not computed;
          = 'V': left eigenvectors of A are computed.
          If SENSE = 'E' or 'B', JOBVL must = 'V'.

JOBVR

          JOBVR is CHARACTER*1
          = 'N': right eigenvectors of A are not computed;
          = 'V': right eigenvectors of A are computed.
          If SENSE = 'E' or 'B', JOBVR must = 'V'.

SENSE

          SENSE is CHARACTER*1
          Determines which reciprocal condition numbers are computed.
          = 'N': None are computed;
          = 'E': Computed for eigenvalues only;
          = 'V': Computed for right eigenvectors only;
          = 'B': Computed for eigenvalues and right eigenvectors.
          If SENSE = 'E' or 'B', both left and right eigenvectors
          must also be computed (JOBVL = 'V' and JOBVR = 'V').

N

          N is INTEGER
          The order of the matrix A. N >= 0.

A

          A is DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (LDA,N)
          On entry, the N-by-N matrix A.
          On exit, A has been overwritten.  If JOBVL = 'V' or
          JOBVR = 'V', A contains the real Schur form of the balanced
          version of the input matrix A.

LDA

          LDA is INTEGER
          The leading dimension of the array A.  LDA >= max(1,N).

WR

          WR is DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (N)

WI

          WI is DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (N)
          WR and WI contain the real and imaginary parts,
          respectively, of the computed eigenvalues.  Complex
          conjugate pairs of eigenvalues will appear consecutively
          with the eigenvalue having the positive imaginary part
          first.

VL

          VL is DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (LDVL,N)
          If JOBVL = 'V', the left eigenvectors u(j) are stored one
          after another in the columns of VL, in the same order
          as their eigenvalues.
          If JOBVL = 'N', VL is not referenced.
          If the j-th eigenvalue is real, then u(j) = VL(:,j),
          the j-th column of VL.
          If the j-th and (j+1)-st eigenvalues form a complex
          conjugate pair, then u(j) = VL(:,j) + i*VL(:,j+1) and
          u(j+1) = VL(:,j) - i*VL(:,j+1).

LDVL

          LDVL is INTEGER
          The leading dimension of the array VL.  LDVL >= 1; if
          JOBVL = 'V', LDVL >= N.

VR

          VR is DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (LDVR,N)
          If JOBVR = 'V', the right eigenvectors v(j) are stored one
          after another in the columns of VR, in the same order
          as their eigenvalues.
          If JOBVR = 'N', VR is not referenced.
          If the j-th eigenvalue is real, then v(j) = VR(:,j),
          the j-th column of VR.
          If the j-th and (j+1)-st eigenvalues form a complex
          conjugate pair, then v(j) = VR(:,j) + i*VR(:,j+1) and
          v(j+1) = VR(:,j) - i*VR(:,j+1).

LDVR

          LDVR is INTEGER
          The leading dimension of the array VR.  LDVR >= 1, and if
          JOBVR = 'V', LDVR >= N.

ILO

          ILO is INTEGER

IHI

          IHI is INTEGER
          ILO and IHI are integer values determined when A was
          balanced.  The balanced A(i,j) = 0 if I > J and
          J = 1,...,ILO-1 or I = IHI+1,...,N.

SCALE

          SCALE is DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (N)
          Details of the permutations and scaling factors applied
          when balancing A.  If P(j) is the index of the row and column
          interchanged with row and column j, and D(j) is the scaling
          factor applied to row and column j, then
          SCALE(J) = P(J),    for J = 1,...,ILO-1
                   = D(J),    for J = ILO,...,IHI
                   = P(J)     for J = IHI+1,...,N.
          The order in which the interchanges are made is N to IHI+1,
          then 1 to ILO-1.

ABNRM

          ABNRM is DOUBLE PRECISION
          The one-norm of the balanced matrix (the maximum
          of the sum of absolute values of elements of any column).

RCONDE

          RCONDE is DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (N)
          RCONDE(j) is the reciprocal condition number of the j-th
          eigenvalue.

RCONDV

          RCONDV is DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (N)
          RCONDV(j) is the reciprocal condition number of the j-th
          right eigenvector.

WORK

          WORK is DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (MAX(1,LWORK))
          On exit, if INFO = 0, WORK(1) returns the optimal LWORK.

LWORK

          LWORK is INTEGER
          The dimension of the array WORK.   If SENSE = 'N' or 'E',
          LWORK >= max(1,2*N), and if JOBVL = 'V' or JOBVR = 'V',
          LWORK >= 3*N.  If SENSE = 'V' or 'B', LWORK >= N*(N+6).
          For good performance, LWORK must generally be larger.
          If LWORK = -1, then a workspace query is assumed; the routine
          only calculates the optimal size of the WORK array, returns
          this value as the first entry of the WORK array, and no error
          message related to LWORK is issued by XERBLA.

IWORK

          IWORK is INTEGER array, dimension (2*N-2)
          If SENSE = 'N' or 'E', not referenced.

INFO

          INFO is INTEGER
          = 0:  successful exit
          < 0:  if INFO = -i, the i-th argument had an illegal value.
          > 0:  if INFO = i, the QR algorithm failed to compute all the
                eigenvalues, and no eigenvectors or condition numbers
                have been computed; elements 1:ILO-1 and i+1:N of WR
                and WI contain eigenvalues which have converged.

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 DGGES computes for a pair of N-by-N real nonsymmetric matrices (A,B),
 the generalized eigenvalues, the generalized real Schur form (S,T),
 optionally, the left and/or right matrices of Schur vectors (VSL and
 VSR). This gives the generalized Schur factorization
          (A,B) = ( (VSL)*S*(VSR)**T, (VSL)*T*(VSR)**T )
 Optionally, it also orders the eigenvalues so that a selected cluster
 of eigenvalues appears in the leading diagonal blocks of the upper
 quasi-triangular matrix S and the upper triangular matrix T.The
 leading columns of VSL and VSR then form an orthonormal basis for the
 corresponding left and right eigenspaces (deflating subspaces).
 (If only the generalized eigenvalues are needed, use the driver
 DGGEV instead, which is faster.)
 A generalized eigenvalue for a pair of matrices (A,B) is a scalar w
 or a ratio alpha/beta = w, such that  A - w*B is singular.  It is
 usually represented as the pair (alpha,beta), as there is a
 reasonable interpretation for beta=0 or both being zero.
 A pair of matrices (S,T) is in generalized real Schur form if T is
 upper triangular with non-negative diagonal and S is block upper
 triangular with 1-by-1 and 2-by-2 blocks.  1-by-1 blocks correspond
 to real generalized eigenvalues, while 2-by-2 blocks of S will be
 "standardized" by making the corresponding elements of T have the
 form:
         [  a  0  ]
         [  0  b  ]
 and the pair of corresponding 2-by-2 blocks in S and T will have a
 complex conjugate pair of generalized eigenvalues.

JOBVSL

          JOBVSL is CHARACTER*1
          = 'N':  do not compute the left Schur vectors;
          = 'V':  compute the left Schur vectors.

JOBVSR

          JOBVSR is CHARACTER*1
          = 'N':  do not compute the right Schur vectors;
          = 'V':  compute the right Schur vectors.

SORT

          SORT is CHARACTER*1
          Specifies whether or not to order the eigenvalues on the
          diagonal of the generalized Schur form.
          = 'N':  Eigenvalues are not ordered;
          = 'S':  Eigenvalues are ordered (see SELCTG);

SELCTG

          SELCTG is a LOGICAL FUNCTION of three DOUBLE PRECISION arguments
          SELCTG must be declared EXTERNAL in the calling subroutine.
          If SORT = 'N', SELCTG is not referenced.
          If SORT = 'S', SELCTG is used to select eigenvalues to sort
          to the top left of the Schur form.
          An eigenvalue (ALPHAR(j)+ALPHAI(j))/BETA(j) is selected if
          SELCTG(ALPHAR(j),ALPHAI(j),BETA(j)) is true; i.e. if either
          one of a complex conjugate pair of eigenvalues is selected,
          then both complex eigenvalues are selected.
          Note that in the ill-conditioned case, a selected complex
          eigenvalue may no longer satisfy SELCTG(ALPHAR(j),ALPHAI(j),
          BETA(j)) = .TRUE. after ordering. INFO is to be set to N+2
          in this case.

N

          N is INTEGER
          The order of the matrices A, B, VSL, and VSR.  N >= 0.

A

          A is DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (LDA, N)
          On entry, the first of the pair of matrices.
          On exit, A has been overwritten by its generalized Schur
          form S.

LDA

          LDA is INTEGER
          The leading dimension of A.  LDA >= max(1,N).

B

          B is DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (LDB, N)
          On entry, the second of the pair of matrices.
          On exit, B has been overwritten by its generalized Schur
          form T.

LDB

          LDB is INTEGER
          The leading dimension of B.  LDB >= max(1,N).

SDIM

          SDIM is INTEGER
          If SORT = 'N', SDIM = 0.
          If SORT = 'S', SDIM = number of eigenvalues (after sorting)
          for which SELCTG is true.  (Complex conjugate pairs for which
          SELCTG is true for either eigenvalue count as 2.)

ALPHAR

          ALPHAR is DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (N)

ALPHAI

          ALPHAI is DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (N)

BETA

          BETA is DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (N)
          On exit, (ALPHAR(j) + ALPHAI(j)*i)/BETA(j), j=1,...,N, will
          be the generalized eigenvalues.  ALPHAR(j) + ALPHAI(j)*i,
          and  BETA(j),j=1,...,N are the diagonals of the complex Schur
          form (S,T) that would result if the 2-by-2 diagonal blocks of
          the real Schur form of (A,B) were further reduced to
          triangular form using 2-by-2 complex unitary transformations.
          If ALPHAI(j) is zero, then the j-th eigenvalue is real; if
          positive, then the j-th and (j+1)-st eigenvalues are a
          complex conjugate pair, with ALPHAI(j+1) negative.
          Note: the quotients ALPHAR(j)/BETA(j) and ALPHAI(j)/BETA(j)
          may easily over- or underflow, and BETA(j) may even be zero.
          Thus, the user should avoid naively computing the ratio.
          However, ALPHAR and ALPHAI will be always less than and
          usually comparable with norm(A) in magnitude, and BETA always
          less than and usually comparable with norm(B).

VSL

          VSL is DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (LDVSL,N)
          If JOBVSL = 'V', VSL will contain the left Schur vectors.
          Not referenced if JOBVSL = 'N'.

LDVSL

          LDVSL is INTEGER
          The leading dimension of the matrix VSL. LDVSL >=1, and
          if JOBVSL = 'V', LDVSL >= N.

VSR

          VSR is DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (LDVSR,N)
          If JOBVSR = 'V', VSR will contain the right Schur vectors.
          Not referenced if JOBVSR = 'N'.

LDVSR

          LDVSR is INTEGER
          The leading dimension of the matrix VSR. LDVSR >= 1, and
          if JOBVSR = 'V', LDVSR >= N.

WORK

          WORK is DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (MAX(1,LWORK))
          On exit, if INFO = 0, WORK(1) returns the optimal LWORK.

LWORK

          LWORK is INTEGER
          The dimension of the array WORK.
          If N = 0, LWORK >= 1, else LWORK >= 8*N+16.
          For good performance , LWORK must generally be larger.
          If LWORK = -1, then a workspace query is assumed; the routine
          only calculates the optimal size of the WORK array, returns
          this value as the first entry of the WORK array, and no error
          message related to LWORK is issued by XERBLA.

BWORK

          BWORK is LOGICAL array, dimension (N)
          Not referenced if SORT = 'N'.

INFO

          INFO is INTEGER
          = 0:  successful exit
          < 0:  if INFO = -i, the i-th argument had an illegal value.
          = 1,...,N:
                The QZ iteration failed.  (A,B) are not in Schur
                form, but ALPHAR(j), ALPHAI(j), and BETA(j) should
                be correct for j=INFO+1,...,N.
          > N:  =N+1: other than QZ iteration failed in DHGEQZ.
                =N+2: after reordering, roundoff changed values of
                      some complex eigenvalues so that leading
                      eigenvalues in the Generalized Schur form no
                      longer satisfy SELCTG=.TRUE.  This could also
                      be caused due to scaling.
                =N+3: reordering failed in DTGSEN.

Univ. of Tennessee

Univ. of California Berkeley

Univ. of Colorado Denver

NAG Ltd.

 DGGES3 computes for a pair of N-by-N real nonsymmetric matrices (A,B),
 the generalized eigenvalues, the generalized real Schur form (S,T),
 optionally, the left and/or right matrices of Schur vectors (VSL and
 VSR). This gives the generalized Schur factorization
          (A,B) = ( (VSL)*S*(VSR)**T, (VSL)*T*(VSR)**T )
 Optionally, it also orders the eigenvalues so that a selected cluster
 of eigenvalues appears in the leading diagonal blocks of the upper
 quasi-triangular matrix S and the upper triangular matrix T.The
 leading columns of VSL and VSR then form an orthonormal basis for the
 corresponding left and right eigenspaces (deflating subspaces).
 (If only the generalized eigenvalues are needed, use the driver
 DGGEV instead, which is faster.)
 A generalized eigenvalue for a pair of matrices (A,B) is a scalar w
 or a ratio alpha/beta = w, such that  A - w*B is singular.  It is
 usually represented as the pair (alpha,beta), as there is a
 reasonable interpretation for beta=0 or both being zero.
 A pair of matrices (S,T) is in generalized real Schur form if T is
 upper triangular with non-negative diagonal and S is block upper
 triangular with 1-by-1 and 2-by-2 blocks.  1-by-1 blocks correspond
 to real generalized eigenvalues, while 2-by-2 blocks of S will be
 "standardized" by making the corresponding elements of T have the
 form:
         [  a  0  ]
         [  0  b  ]
 and the pair of corresponding 2-by-2 blocks in S and T will have a
 complex conjugate pair of generalized eigenvalues.

JOBVSL

          JOBVSL is CHARACTER*1
          = 'N':  do not compute the left Schur vectors;
          = 'V':  compute the left Schur vectors.

JOBVSR

          JOBVSR is CHARACTER*1
          = 'N':  do not compute the right Schur vectors;
          = 'V':  compute the right Schur vectors.

SORT

          SORT is CHARACTER*1
          Specifies whether or not to order the eigenvalues on the
          diagonal of the generalized Schur form.
          = 'N':  Eigenvalues are not ordered;
          = 'S':  Eigenvalues are ordered (see SELCTG);

SELCTG

          SELCTG is a LOGICAL FUNCTION of three DOUBLE PRECISION arguments
          SELCTG must be declared EXTERNAL in the calling subroutine.
          If SORT = 'N', SELCTG is not referenced.
          If SORT = 'S', SELCTG is used to select eigenvalues to sort
          to the top left of the Schur form.
          An eigenvalue (ALPHAR(j)+ALPHAI(j))/BETA(j) is selected if
          SELCTG(ALPHAR(j),ALPHAI(j),BETA(j)) is true; i.e. if either
          one of a complex conjugate pair of eigenvalues is selected,
          then both complex eigenvalues are selected.
          Note that in the ill-conditioned case, a selected complex
          eigenvalue may no longer satisfy SELCTG(ALPHAR(j),ALPHAI(j),
          BETA(j)) = .TRUE. after ordering. INFO is to be set to N+2
          in this case.

N

          N is INTEGER
          The order of the matrices A, B, VSL, and VSR.  N >= 0.

A

          A is DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (LDA, N)
          On entry, the first of the pair of matrices.
          On exit, A has been overwritten by its generalized Schur
          form S.

LDA

          LDA is INTEGER
          The leading dimension of A.  LDA >= max(1,N).

B

          B is DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (LDB, N)
          On entry, the second of the pair of matrices.
          On exit, B has been overwritten by its generalized Schur
          form T.

LDB

          LDB is INTEGER
          The leading dimension of B.  LDB >= max(1,N).

SDIM

          SDIM is INTEGER
          If SORT = 'N', SDIM = 0.
          If SORT = 'S', SDIM = number of eigenvalues (after sorting)
          for which SELCTG is true.  (Complex conjugate pairs for which
          SELCTG is true for either eigenvalue count as 2.)

ALPHAR

          ALPHAR is DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (N)

ALPHAI

          ALPHAI is DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (N)

BETA

          BETA is DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (N)
          On exit, (ALPHAR(j) + ALPHAI(j)*i)/BETA(j), j=1,...,N, will
          be the generalized eigenvalues.  ALPHAR(j) + ALPHAI(j)*i,
          and  BETA(j),j=1,...,N are the diagonals of the complex Schur
          form (S,T) that would result if the 2-by-2 diagonal blocks of
          the real Schur form of (A,B) were further reduced to
          triangular form using 2-by-2 complex unitary transformations.
          If ALPHAI(j) is zero, then the j-th eigenvalue is real; if
          positive, then the j-th and (j+1)-st eigenvalues are a
          complex conjugate pair, with ALPHAI(j+1) negative.
          Note: the quotients ALPHAR(j)/BETA(j) and ALPHAI(j)/BETA(j)
          may easily over- or underflow, and BETA(j) may even be zero.
          Thus, the user should avoid naively computing the ratio.
          However, ALPHAR and ALPHAI will be always less than and
          usually comparable with norm(A) in magnitude, and BETA always
          less than and usually comparable with norm(B).

VSL

          VSL is DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (LDVSL,N)
          If JOBVSL = 'V', VSL will contain the left Schur vectors.
          Not referenced if JOBVSL = 'N'.

LDVSL

          LDVSL is INTEGER
          The leading dimension of the matrix VSL. LDVSL >=1, and
          if JOBVSL = 'V', LDVSL >= N.

VSR

          VSR is DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (LDVSR,N)
          If JOBVSR = 'V', VSR will contain the right Schur vectors.
          Not referenced if JOBVSR = 'N'.

LDVSR

          LDVSR is INTEGER
          The leading dimension of the matrix VSR. LDVSR >= 1, and
          if JOBVSR = 'V', LDVSR >= N.

WORK

          WORK is DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (MAX(1,LWORK))
          On exit, if INFO = 0, WORK(1) returns the optimal LWORK.

LWORK

          LWORK is INTEGER
          The dimension of the array WORK.
          If LWORK = -1, then a workspace query is assumed; the routine
          only calculates the optimal size of the WORK array, returns
          this value as the first entry of the WORK array, and no error
          message related to LWORK is issued by XERBLA.

BWORK

          BWORK is LOGICAL array, dimension (N)
          Not referenced if SORT = 'N'.

INFO

          INFO is INTEGER
          = 0:  successful exit
          < 0:  if INFO = -i, the i-th argument had an illegal value.
          = 1,...,N:
                The QZ iteration failed.  (A,B) are not in Schur
                form, but ALPHAR(j), ALPHAI(j), and BETA(j) should
                be correct for j=INFO+1,...,N.
          > N:  =N+1: other than QZ iteration failed in DLAQZ0.
                =N+2: after reordering, roundoff changed values of
                      some complex eigenvalues so that leading
                      eigenvalues in the Generalized Schur form no
                      longer satisfy SELCTG=.TRUE.  This could also
                      be caused due to scaling.
                =N+3: reordering failed in DTGSEN.

Univ. of Tennessee

Univ. of California Berkeley

Univ. of Colorado Denver

NAG Ltd.

 DGGESX computes for a pair of N-by-N real nonsymmetric matrices
 (A,B), the generalized eigenvalues, the real Schur form (S,T), and,
 optionally, the left and/or right matrices of Schur vectors (VSL and
 VSR).  This gives the generalized Schur factorization
      (A,B) = ( (VSL) S (VSR)**T, (VSL) T (VSR)**T )
 Optionally, it also orders the eigenvalues so that a selected cluster
 of eigenvalues appears in the leading diagonal blocks of the upper
 quasi-triangular matrix S and the upper triangular matrix T; computes
 a reciprocal condition number for the average of the selected
 eigenvalues (RCONDE); and computes a reciprocal condition number for
 the right and left deflating subspaces corresponding to the selected
 eigenvalues (RCONDV). The leading columns of VSL and VSR then form
 an orthonormal basis for the corresponding left and right eigenspaces
 (deflating subspaces).
 A generalized eigenvalue for a pair of matrices (A,B) is a scalar w
 or a ratio alpha/beta = w, such that  A - w*B is singular.  It is
 usually represented as the pair (alpha,beta), as there is a
 reasonable interpretation for beta=0 or for both being zero.
 A pair of matrices (S,T) is in generalized real Schur form if T is
 upper triangular with non-negative diagonal and S is block upper
 triangular with 1-by-1 and 2-by-2 blocks.  1-by-1 blocks correspond
 to real generalized eigenvalues, while 2-by-2 blocks of S will be
 "standardized" by making the corresponding elements of T have the
 form:
         [  a  0  ]
         [  0  b  ]
 and the pair of corresponding 2-by-2 blocks in S and T will have a
 complex conjugate pair of generalized eigenvalues.

JOBVSL

          JOBVSL is CHARACTER*1
          = 'N':  do not compute the left Schur vectors;
          = 'V':  compute the left Schur vectors.

JOBVSR

          JOBVSR is CHARACTER*1
          = 'N':  do not compute the right Schur vectors;
          = 'V':  compute the right Schur vectors.

SORT

          SORT is CHARACTER*1
          Specifies whether or not to order the eigenvalues on the
          diagonal of the generalized Schur form.
          = 'N':  Eigenvalues are not ordered;
          = 'S':  Eigenvalues are ordered (see SELCTG).

SELCTG

          SELCTG is a LOGICAL FUNCTION of three DOUBLE PRECISION arguments
          SELCTG must be declared EXTERNAL in the calling subroutine.
          If SORT = 'N', SELCTG is not referenced.
          If SORT = 'S', SELCTG is used to select eigenvalues to sort
          to the top left of the Schur form.
          An eigenvalue (ALPHAR(j)+ALPHAI(j))/BETA(j) is selected if
          SELCTG(ALPHAR(j),ALPHAI(j),BETA(j)) is true; i.e. if either
          one of a complex conjugate pair of eigenvalues is selected,
          then both complex eigenvalues are selected.
          Note that a selected complex eigenvalue may no longer satisfy
          SELCTG(ALPHAR(j),ALPHAI(j),BETA(j)) = .TRUE. after ordering,
          since ordering may change the value of complex eigenvalues
          (especially if the eigenvalue is ill-conditioned), in this
          case INFO is set to N+3.

SENSE

          SENSE is CHARACTER*1
          Determines which reciprocal condition numbers are computed.
          = 'N':  None are computed;
          = 'E':  Computed for average of selected eigenvalues only;
          = 'V':  Computed for selected deflating subspaces only;
          = 'B':  Computed for both.
          If SENSE = 'E', 'V', or 'B', SORT must equal 'S'.

N

          N is INTEGER
          The order of the matrices A, B, VSL, and VSR.  N >= 0.

A

          A is DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (LDA, N)
          On entry, the first of the pair of matrices.
          On exit, A has been overwritten by its generalized Schur
          form S.

LDA

          LDA is INTEGER
          The leading dimension of A.  LDA >= max(1,N).

B

          B is DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (LDB, N)
          On entry, the second of the pair of matrices.
          On exit, B has been overwritten by its generalized Schur
          form T.

LDB

          LDB is INTEGER
          The leading dimension of B.  LDB >= max(1,N).

SDIM

          SDIM is INTEGER
          If SORT = 'N', SDIM = 0.
          If SORT = 'S', SDIM = number of eigenvalues (after sorting)
          for which SELCTG is true.  (Complex conjugate pairs for which
          SELCTG is true for either eigenvalue count as 2.)

ALPHAR

          ALPHAR is DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (N)

ALPHAI

          ALPHAI is DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (N)

BETA

          BETA is DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (N)
          On exit, (ALPHAR(j) + ALPHAI(j)*i)/BETA(j), j=1,...,N, will
          be the generalized eigenvalues.  ALPHAR(j) + ALPHAI(j)*i
          and BETA(j),j=1,...,N  are the diagonals of the complex Schur
          form (S,T) that would result if the 2-by-2 diagonal blocks of
          the real Schur form of (A,B) were further reduced to
          triangular form using 2-by-2 complex unitary transformations.
          If ALPHAI(j) is zero, then the j-th eigenvalue is real; if
          positive, then the j-th and (j+1)-st eigenvalues are a
          complex conjugate pair, with ALPHAI(j+1) negative.
          Note: the quotients ALPHAR(j)/BETA(j) and ALPHAI(j)/BETA(j)
          may easily over- or underflow, and BETA(j) may even be zero.
          Thus, the user should avoid naively computing the ratio.
          However, ALPHAR and ALPHAI will be always less than and
          usually comparable with norm(A) in magnitude, and BETA always
          less than and usually comparable with norm(B).

VSL

          VSL is DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (LDVSL,N)
          If JOBVSL = 'V', VSL will contain the left Schur vectors.
          Not referenced if JOBVSL = 'N'.

LDVSL

          LDVSL is INTEGER
          The leading dimension of the matrix VSL. LDVSL >=1, and
          if JOBVSL = 'V', LDVSL >= N.

VSR

          VSR is DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (LDVSR,N)
          If JOBVSR = 'V', VSR will contain the right Schur vectors.
          Not referenced if JOBVSR = 'N'.

LDVSR

          LDVSR is INTEGER
          The leading dimension of the matrix VSR. LDVSR >= 1, and
          if JOBVSR = 'V', LDVSR >= N.

RCONDE

          RCONDE is DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension ( 2 )
          If SENSE = 'E' or 'B', RCONDE(1) and RCONDE(2) contain the
          reciprocal condition numbers for the average of the selected
          eigenvalues.
          Not referenced if SENSE = 'N' or 'V'.

RCONDV

          RCONDV is DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension ( 2 )
          If SENSE = 'V' or 'B', RCONDV(1) and RCONDV(2) contain the
          reciprocal condition numbers for the selected deflating
          subspaces.
          Not referenced if SENSE = 'N' or 'E'.

WORK

          WORK is DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (MAX(1,LWORK))
          On exit, if INFO = 0, WORK(1) returns the optimal LWORK.

LWORK

          LWORK is INTEGER
          The dimension of the array WORK.
          If N = 0, LWORK >= 1, else if SENSE = 'E', 'V', or 'B',
          LWORK >= max( 8*N, 6*N+16, 2*SDIM*(N-SDIM) ), else
          LWORK >= max( 8*N, 6*N+16 ).
          Note that 2*SDIM*(N-SDIM) <= N*N/2.
          Note also that an error is only returned if
          LWORK < max( 8*N, 6*N+16), but if SENSE = 'E' or 'V' or 'B'
          this may not be large enough.
          If LWORK = -1, then a workspace query is assumed; the routine
          only calculates the bound on the optimal size of the WORK
          array and the minimum size of the IWORK array, returns these
          values as the first entries of the WORK and IWORK arrays, and
          no error message related to LWORK or LIWORK is issued by
          XERBLA.

IWORK

          IWORK is INTEGER array, dimension (MAX(1,LIWORK))
          On exit, if INFO = 0, IWORK(1) returns the minimum LIWORK.

LIWORK

          LIWORK is INTEGER
          The dimension of the array IWORK.
          If SENSE = 'N' or N = 0, LIWORK >= 1, otherwise
          LIWORK >= N+6.
          If LIWORK = -1, then a workspace query is assumed; the
          routine only calculates the bound on the optimal size of the
          WORK array and the minimum size of the IWORK array, returns
          these values as the first entries of the WORK and IWORK
          arrays, and no error message related to LWORK or LIWORK is
          issued by XERBLA.

BWORK

          BWORK is LOGICAL array, dimension (N)
          Not referenced if SORT = 'N'.

INFO

          INFO is INTEGER
          = 0:  successful exit
          < 0:  if INFO = -i, the i-th argument had an illegal value.
          = 1,...,N:
                The QZ iteration failed.  (A,B) are not in Schur
                form, but ALPHAR(j), ALPHAI(j), and BETA(j) should
                be correct for j=INFO+1,...,N.
          > N:  =N+1: other than QZ iteration failed in DHGEQZ
                =N+2: after reordering, roundoff changed values of
                      some complex eigenvalues so that leading
                      eigenvalues in the Generalized Schur form no
                      longer satisfy SELCTG=.TRUE.  This could also
                      be caused due to scaling.
                =N+3: reordering failed in DTGSEN.

Univ. of Tennessee

Univ. of California Berkeley

Univ. of Colorado Denver

NAG Ltd.

  An approximate (asymptotic) bound on the average absolute error of
  the selected eigenvalues is
       EPS * norm((A, B)) / RCONDE( 1 ).
  An approximate (asymptotic) bound on the maximum angular error in
  the computed deflating subspaces is
       EPS * norm((A, B)) / RCONDV( 2 ).
  See LAPACK User's Guide, section 4.11 for more information.

 DGGEV computes for a pair of N-by-N real nonsymmetric matrices (A,B)
 the generalized eigenvalues, and optionally, the left and/or right
 generalized eigenvectors.
 A generalized eigenvalue for a pair of matrices (A,B) is a scalar
 lambda or a ratio alpha/beta = lambda, such that A - lambda*B is
 singular. It is usually represented as the pair (alpha,beta), as
 there is a reasonable interpretation for beta=0, and even for both
 being zero.
 The right eigenvector v(j) corresponding to the eigenvalue lambda(j)
 of (A,B) satisfies
                  A * v(j) = lambda(j) * B * v(j).
 The left eigenvector u(j) corresponding to the eigenvalue lambda(j)
 of (A,B) satisfies
                  u(j)**H * A  = lambda(j) * u(j)**H * B .
 where u(j)**H is the conjugate-transpose of u(j).

JOBVL

          JOBVL is CHARACTER*1
          = 'N':  do not compute the left generalized eigenvectors;
          = 'V':  compute the left generalized eigenvectors.

JOBVR

          JOBVR is CHARACTER*1
          = 'N':  do not compute the right generalized eigenvectors;
          = 'V':  compute the right generalized eigenvectors.

N

          N is INTEGER
          The order of the matrices A, B, VL, and VR.  N >= 0.

A

          A is DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (LDA, N)
          On entry, the matrix A in the pair (A,B).
          On exit, A has been overwritten.

LDA

          LDA is INTEGER
          The leading dimension of A.  LDA >= max(1,N).

B

          B is DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (LDB, N)
          On entry, the matrix B in the pair (A,B).
          On exit, B has been overwritten.

LDB

          LDB is INTEGER
          The leading dimension of B.  LDB >= max(1,N).

ALPHAR

          ALPHAR is DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (N)

ALPHAI

          ALPHAI is DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (N)

BETA

          BETA is DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (N)
          On exit, (ALPHAR(j) + ALPHAI(j)*i)/BETA(j), j=1,...,N, will
          be the generalized eigenvalues.  If ALPHAI(j) is zero, then
          the j-th eigenvalue is real; if positive, then the j-th and
          (j+1)-st eigenvalues are a complex conjugate pair, with
          ALPHAI(j+1) negative.
          Note: the quotients ALPHAR(j)/BETA(j) and ALPHAI(j)/BETA(j)
          may easily over- or underflow, and BETA(j) may even be zero.
          Thus, the user should avoid naively computing the ratio
          alpha/beta.  However, ALPHAR and ALPHAI will be always less
          than and usually comparable with norm(A) in magnitude, and
          BETA always less than and usually comparable with norm(B).

VL

          VL is DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (LDVL,N)
          If JOBVL = 'V', the left eigenvectors u(j) are stored one
          after another in the columns of VL, in the same order as
          their eigenvalues. If the j-th eigenvalue is real, then
          u(j) = VL(:,j), the j-th column of VL. If the j-th and
          (j+1)-th eigenvalues form a complex conjugate pair, then
          u(j) = VL(:,j)+i*VL(:,j+1) and u(j+1) = VL(:,j)-i*VL(:,j+1).
          Each eigenvector is scaled so the largest component has
          abs(real part)+abs(imag. part)=1.
          Not referenced if JOBVL = 'N'.

LDVL

          LDVL is INTEGER
          The leading dimension of the matrix VL. LDVL >= 1, and
          if JOBVL = 'V', LDVL >= N.

VR

          VR is DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (LDVR,N)
          If JOBVR = 'V', the right eigenvectors v(j) are stored one
          after another in the columns of VR, in the same order as
          their eigenvalues. If the j-th eigenvalue is real, then
          v(j) = VR(:,j), the j-th column of VR. If the j-th and
          (j+1)-th eigenvalues form a complex conjugate pair, then
          v(j) = VR(:,j)+i*VR(:,j+1) and v(j+1) = VR(:,j)-i*VR(:,j+1).
          Each eigenvector is scaled so the largest component has
          abs(real part)+abs(imag. part)=1.
          Not referenced if JOBVR = 'N'.

LDVR

          LDVR is INTEGER
          The leading dimension of the matrix VR. LDVR >= 1, and
          if JOBVR = 'V', LDVR >= N.

WORK

          WORK is DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (MAX(1,LWORK))
          On exit, if INFO = 0, WORK(1) returns the optimal LWORK.

LWORK

          LWORK is INTEGER
          The dimension of the array WORK.  LWORK >= max(1,8*N).
          For good performance, LWORK must generally be larger.
          If LWORK = -1, then a workspace query is assumed; the routine
          only calculates the optimal size of the WORK array, returns
          this value as the first entry of the WORK array, and no error
          message related to LWORK is issued by XERBLA.

INFO

          INFO is INTEGER
          = 0:  successful exit
          < 0:  if INFO = -i, the i-th argument had an illegal value.
          = 1,...,N:
                The QZ iteration failed.  No eigenvectors have been
                calculated, but ALPHAR(j), ALPHAI(j), and BETA(j)
                should be correct for j=INFO+1,...,N.
          > N:  =N+1: other than QZ iteration failed in DHGEQZ.
                =N+2: error return from DTGEVC.

Univ. of Tennessee

Univ. of California Berkeley

Univ. of Colorado Denver

NAG Ltd.

 DGGEV3 computes for a pair of N-by-N real nonsymmetric matrices (A,B)
 the generalized eigenvalues, and optionally, the left and/or right
 generalized eigenvectors.
 A generalized eigenvalue for a pair of matrices (A,B) is a scalar
 lambda or a ratio alpha/beta = lambda, such that A - lambda*B is
 singular. It is usually represented as the pair (alpha,beta), as
 there is a reasonable interpretation for beta=0, and even for both
 being zero.
 The right eigenvector v(j) corresponding to the eigenvalue lambda(j)
 of (A,B) satisfies
                  A * v(j) = lambda(j) * B * v(j).
 The left eigenvector u(j) corresponding to the eigenvalue lambda(j)
 of (A,B) satisfies
                  u(j)**H * A  = lambda(j) * u(j)**H * B .
 where u(j)**H is the conjugate-transpose of u(j).

JOBVL

          JOBVL is CHARACTER*1
          = 'N':  do not compute the left generalized eigenvectors;
          = 'V':  compute the left generalized eigenvectors.

JOBVR

          JOBVR is CHARACTER*1
          = 'N':  do not compute the right generalized eigenvectors;
          = 'V':  compute the right generalized eigenvectors.

N

          N is INTEGER
          The order of the matrices A, B, VL, and VR.  N >= 0.

A

          A is DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (LDA, N)
          On entry, the matrix A in the pair (A,B).
          On exit, A has been overwritten.

LDA

          LDA is INTEGER
          The leading dimension of A.  LDA >= max(1,N).

B

          B is DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (LDB, N)
          On entry, the matrix B in the pair (A,B).
          On exit, B has been overwritten.

LDB

          LDB is INTEGER
          The leading dimension of B.  LDB >= max(1,N).

ALPHAR

          ALPHAR is DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (N)

ALPHAI

          ALPHAI is DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (N)

BETA

          BETA is DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (N)
          On exit, (ALPHAR(j) + ALPHAI(j)*i)/BETA(j), j=1,...,N, will
          be the generalized eigenvalues.  If ALPHAI(j) is zero, then
          the j-th eigenvalue is real; if positive, then the j-th and
          (j+1)-st eigenvalues are a complex conjugate pair, with
          ALPHAI(j+1) negative.
          Note: the quotients ALPHAR(j)/BETA(j) and ALPHAI(j)/BETA(j)
          may easily over- or underflow, and BETA(j) may even be zero.
          Thus, the user should avoid naively computing the ratio
          alpha/beta.  However, ALPHAR and ALPHAI will be always less
          than and usually comparable with norm(A) in magnitude, and
          BETA always less than and usually comparable with norm(B).

VL

          VL is DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (LDVL,N)
          If JOBVL = 'V', the left eigenvectors u(j) are stored one
          after another in the columns of VL, in the same order as
          their eigenvalues. If the j-th eigenvalue is real, then
          u(j) = VL(:,j), the j-th column of VL. If the j-th and
          (j+1)-th eigenvalues form a complex conjugate pair, then
          u(j) = VL(:,j)+i*VL(:,j+1) and u(j+1) = VL(:,j)-i*VL(:,j+1).
          Each eigenvector is scaled so the largest component has
          abs(real part)+abs(imag. part)=1.
          Not referenced if JOBVL = 'N'.

LDVL

          LDVL is INTEGER
          The leading dimension of the matrix VL. LDVL >= 1, and
          if JOBVL = 'V', LDVL >= N.

VR

          VR is DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (LDVR,N)
          If JOBVR = 'V', the right eigenvectors v(j) are stored one
          after another in the columns of VR, in the same order as
          their eigenvalues. If the j-th eigenvalue is real, then
          v(j) = VR(:,j), the j-th column of VR. If the j-th and
          (j+1)-th eigenvalues form a complex conjugate pair, then
          v(j) = VR(:,j)+i*VR(:,j+1) and v(j+1) = VR(:,j)-i*VR(:,j+1).
          Each eigenvector is scaled so the largest component has
          abs(real part)+abs(imag. part)=1.
          Not referenced if JOBVR = 'N'.

LDVR

          LDVR is INTEGER
          The leading dimension of the matrix VR. LDVR >= 1, and
          if JOBVR = 'V', LDVR >= N.

WORK

          WORK is DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (MAX(1,LWORK))
          On exit, if INFO = 0, WORK(1) returns the optimal LWORK.

LWORK

          LWORK is INTEGER
          If LWORK = -1, then a workspace query is assumed; the routine
          only calculates the optimal size of the WORK array, returns
          this value as the first entry of the WORK array, and no error
          message related to LWORK is issued by XERBLA.

INFO

          INFO is INTEGER
          = 0:  successful exit
          < 0:  if INFO = -i, the i-th argument had an illegal value.
          = 1,...,N:
                The QZ iteration failed.  No eigenvectors have been
                calculated, but ALPHAR(j), ALPHAI(j), and BETA(j)
                should be correct for j=INFO+1,...,N.
          > N:  =N+1: other than QZ iteration failed in DLAQZ0.
                =N+2: error return from DTGEVC.

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 DGGEVX computes for a pair of N-by-N real nonsymmetric matrices (A,B)
 the generalized eigenvalues, and optionally, the left and/or right
 generalized eigenvectors.
 Optionally also, it computes a balancing transformation to improve
 the conditioning of the eigenvalues and eigenvectors (ILO, IHI,
 LSCALE, RSCALE, ABNRM, and BBNRM), reciprocal condition numbers for
 the eigenvalues (RCONDE), and reciprocal condition numbers for the
 right eigenvectors (RCONDV).
 A generalized eigenvalue for a pair of matrices (A,B) is a scalar
 lambda or a ratio alpha/beta = lambda, such that A - lambda*B is
 singular. It is usually represented as the pair (alpha,beta), as
 there is a reasonable interpretation for beta=0, and even for both
 being zero.
 The right eigenvector v(j) corresponding to the eigenvalue lambda(j)
 of (A,B) satisfies
                  A * v(j) = lambda(j) * B * v(j) .
 The left eigenvector u(j) corresponding to the eigenvalue lambda(j)
 of (A,B) satisfies
                  u(j)**H * A  = lambda(j) * u(j)**H * B.
 where u(j)**H is the conjugate-transpose of u(j).

BALANC

          BALANC is CHARACTER*1
          Specifies the balance option to be performed.
          = 'N':  do not diagonally scale or permute;
          = 'P':  permute only;
          = 'S':  scale only;
          = 'B':  both permute and scale.
          Computed reciprocal condition numbers will be for the
          matrices after permuting and/or balancing. Permuting does
          not change condition numbers (in exact arithmetic), but
          balancing does.

JOBVL

          JOBVL is CHARACTER*1
          = 'N':  do not compute the left generalized eigenvectors;
          = 'V':  compute the left generalized eigenvectors.

JOBVR

          JOBVR is CHARACTER*1
          = 'N':  do not compute the right generalized eigenvectors;
          = 'V':  compute the right generalized eigenvectors.

SENSE

          SENSE is CHARACTER*1
          Determines which reciprocal condition numbers are computed.
          = 'N': none are computed;
          = 'E': computed for eigenvalues only;
          = 'V': computed for eigenvectors only;
          = 'B': computed for eigenvalues and eigenvectors.

N

          N is INTEGER
          The order of the matrices A, B, VL, and VR.  N >= 0.

A

          A is DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (LDA, N)
          On entry, the matrix A in the pair (A,B).
          On exit, A has been overwritten. If JOBVL='V' or JOBVR='V'
          or both, then A contains the first part of the real Schur
          form of the "balanced" versions of the input A and B.

LDA

          LDA is INTEGER
          The leading dimension of A.  LDA >= max(1,N).

B

          B is DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (LDB, N)
          On entry, the matrix B in the pair (A,B).
          On exit, B has been overwritten. If JOBVL='V' or JOBVR='V'
          or both, then B contains the second part of the real Schur
          form of the "balanced" versions of the input A and B.

LDB

          LDB is INTEGER
          The leading dimension of B.  LDB >= max(1,N).

ALPHAR

          ALPHAR is DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (N)

ALPHAI

          ALPHAI is DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (N)

BETA

          BETA is DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (N)
          On exit, (ALPHAR(j) + ALPHAI(j)*i)/BETA(j), j=1,...,N, will
          be the generalized eigenvalues.  If ALPHAI(j) is zero, then
          the j-th eigenvalue is real; if positive, then the j-th and
          (j+1)-st eigenvalues are a complex conjugate pair, with
          ALPHAI(j+1) negative.
          Note: the quotients ALPHAR(j)/BETA(j) and ALPHAI(j)/BETA(j)
          may easily over- or underflow, and BETA(j) may even be zero.
          Thus, the user should avoid naively computing the ratio
          ALPHA/BETA. However, ALPHAR and ALPHAI will be always less
          than and usually comparable with norm(A) in magnitude, and
          BETA always less than and usually comparable with norm(B).

VL

          VL is DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (LDVL,N)
          If JOBVL = 'V', the left eigenvectors u(j) are stored one
          after another in the columns of VL, in the same order as
          their eigenvalues. If the j-th eigenvalue is real, then
          u(j) = VL(:,j), the j-th column of VL. If the j-th and
          (j+1)-th eigenvalues form a complex conjugate pair, then
          u(j) = VL(:,j)+i*VL(:,j+1) and u(j+1) = VL(:,j)-i*VL(:,j+1).
          Each eigenvector will be scaled so the largest component have
          abs(real part) + abs(imag. part) = 1.
          Not referenced if JOBVL = 'N'.

LDVL

          LDVL is INTEGER
          The leading dimension of the matrix VL. LDVL >= 1, and
          if JOBVL = 'V', LDVL >= N.

VR

          VR is DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (LDVR,N)
          If JOBVR = 'V', the right eigenvectors v(j) are stored one
          after another in the columns of VR, in the same order as
          their eigenvalues. If the j-th eigenvalue is real, then
          v(j) = VR(:,j), the j-th column of VR. If the j-th and
          (j+1)-th eigenvalues form a complex conjugate pair, then
          v(j) = VR(:,j)+i*VR(:,j+1) and v(j+1) = VR(:,j)-i*VR(:,j+1).
          Each eigenvector will be scaled so the largest component have
          abs(real part) + abs(imag. part) = 1.
          Not referenced if JOBVR = 'N'.

LDVR

          LDVR is INTEGER
          The leading dimension of the matrix VR. LDVR >= 1, and
          if JOBVR = 'V', LDVR >= N.

ILO

          ILO is INTEGER

IHI

          IHI is INTEGER
          ILO and IHI are integer values such that on exit
          A(i,j) = 0 and B(i,j) = 0 if i > j and
          j = 1,...,ILO-1 or i = IHI+1,...,N.
          If BALANC = 'N' or 'S', ILO = 1 and IHI = N.

LSCALE

          LSCALE is DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (N)
          Details of the permutations and scaling factors applied
          to the left side of A and B.  If PL(j) is the index of the
          row interchanged with row j, and DL(j) is the scaling
          factor applied to row j, then
            LSCALE(j) = PL(j)  for j = 1,...,ILO-1
                      = DL(j)  for j = ILO,...,IHI
                      = PL(j)  for j = IHI+1,...,N.
          The order in which the interchanges are made is N to IHI+1,
          then 1 to ILO-1.

RSCALE

          RSCALE is DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (N)
          Details of the permutations and scaling factors applied
          to the right side of A and B.  If PR(j) is the index of the
          column interchanged with column j, and DR(j) is the scaling
          factor applied to column j, then
            RSCALE(j) = PR(j)  for j = 1,...,ILO-1
                      = DR(j)  for j = ILO,...,IHI
                      = PR(j)  for j = IHI+1,...,N
          The order in which the interchanges are made is N to IHI+1,
          then 1 to ILO-1.

ABNRM

          ABNRM is DOUBLE PRECISION
          The one-norm of the balanced matrix A.

BBNRM

          BBNRM is DOUBLE PRECISION
          The one-norm of the balanced matrix B.

RCONDE

          RCONDE is DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (N)
          If SENSE = 'E' or 'B', the reciprocal condition numbers of
          the eigenvalues, stored in consecutive elements of the array.
          For a complex conjugate pair of eigenvalues two consecutive
          elements of RCONDE are set to the same value. Thus RCONDE(j),
          RCONDV(j), and the j-th columns of VL and VR all correspond
          to the j-th eigenpair.
          If SENSE = 'N or 'V', RCONDE is not referenced.

RCONDV

          RCONDV is DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (N)
          If SENSE = 'V' or 'B', the estimated reciprocal condition
          numbers of the eigenvectors, stored in consecutive elements
          of the array. For a complex eigenvector two consecutive
          elements of RCONDV are set to the same value. If the
          eigenvalues cannot be reordered to compute RCONDV(j),
          RCONDV(j) is set to 0; this can only occur when the true
          value would be very small anyway.
          If SENSE = 'N' or 'E', RCONDV is not referenced.

WORK

          WORK is DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (MAX(1,LWORK))
          On exit, if INFO = 0, WORK(1) returns the optimal LWORK.

LWORK

          LWORK is INTEGER
          The dimension of the array WORK. LWORK >= max(1,2*N).
          If BALANC = 'S' or 'B', or JOBVL = 'V', or JOBVR = 'V',
          LWORK >= max(1,6*N).
          If SENSE = 'E' or 'B', LWORK >= max(1,10*N).
          If SENSE = 'V' or 'B', LWORK >= 2*N*N+8*N+16.
          If LWORK = -1, then a workspace query is assumed; the routine
          only calculates the optimal size of the WORK array, returns
          this value as the first entry of the WORK array, and no error
          message related to LWORK is issued by XERBLA.

IWORK

          IWORK is INTEGER array, dimension (N+6)
          If SENSE = 'E', IWORK is not referenced.

BWORK

          BWORK is LOGICAL array, dimension (N)
          If SENSE = 'N', BWORK is not referenced.

INFO

          INFO is INTEGER
          = 0:  successful exit
          < 0:  if INFO = -i, the i-th argument had an illegal value.
          = 1,...,N:
                The QZ iteration failed.  No eigenvectors have been
                calculated, but ALPHAR(j), ALPHAI(j), and BETA(j)
                should be correct for j=INFO+1,...,N.
          > N:  =N+1: other than QZ iteration failed in DHGEQZ.
                =N+2: error return from DTGEVC.

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  Balancing a matrix pair (A,B) includes, first, permuting rows and
  columns to isolate eigenvalues, second, applying diagonal similarity
  transformation to the rows and columns to make the rows and columns
  as close in norm as possible. The computed reciprocal condition
  numbers correspond to the balanced matrix. Permuting rows and columns
  will not change the condition numbers (in exact arithmetic) but
  diagonal scaling will.  For further explanation of balancing, see
  section 4.11.1.2 of LAPACK Users' Guide.
  An approximate error bound on the chordal distance between the i-th
  computed generalized eigenvalue w and the corresponding exact
  eigenvalue lambda is
       chord(w, lambda) <= EPS * norm(ABNRM, BBNRM) / RCONDE(I)
  An approximate error bound for the angle between the i-th computed
  eigenvector VL(i) or VR(i) is given by
       EPS * norm(ABNRM, BBNRM) / DIF(i).
  For further explanation of the reciprocal condition numbers RCONDE
  and RCONDV, see section 4.11 of LAPACK User's Guide.