Tar Formats

All tar formats store each entry in one or more 512-byte records. The first record is used for file metadata, including filename, timestamp, and mode information, and the file data is stored in subsequent records. Later variants have extended this by either appropriating undefined areas of the header record, extending the header to multiple records, or by storing special entries that modify the interpretation of subsequent entries.

gnutar

The libarchive(3) library can read most GNU-format tar archives. It currently supports the most popular GNU extensions, including modern long filename and linkname support, as well as atime and ctime data. The libarchive library does not support multi-volume archives, nor the old GNU long filename format. It can read GNU sparse file entries, including the new POSIX-based formats.

The libarchive(3) library can write GNU tar format, including long filename and linkname support, as well as atime and ctime data.

pax

The libarchive(3) library can read and write POSIX-compliant pax interchange format archives. Pax interchange format archives are an extension of the older ustar format that adds a separate entry with additional attributes stored as key/value pairs immediately before each regular entry. The presence of these additional entries is the only difference between pax interchange format and the older ustar format. The extended attributes are of unlimited length and are stored as UTF-8 Unicode strings. Keywords defined in the standard are in all lowercase; vendors are allowed to define custom keys by preceding them with the vendor name in all uppercase. When writing pax archives, libarchive uses many of the SCHILY keys defined by Joerg Schilling's “star” archiver and a few LIBARCHIVE keys. The libarchive library can read most of the SCHILY keys and most of the GNU keys introduced by GNU tar. It silently ignores any keywords that it does not understand.

The pax interchange format converts filenames to Unicode and stores them using the UTF-8 encoding. Prior to libarchive 3.0, libarchive erroneously assumed that the system wide-character routines natively supported Unicode. This caused it to mis-handle non-ASCII filenames on systems that did not satisfy this assumption.

restricted pax

The libarchive library can also write pax archives in which it attempts to suppress the extended attributes entry whenever possible. The result will be identical to a ustar archive unless the extended attributes entry is required to store a long file name, long linkname, extended ACL, file flags, or if any of the standard ustar data (user name, group name, UID, GID, etc) cannot be fully represented in the ustar header. In all cases, the result can be dearchived by any program that can read POSIX-compliant pax interchange format archives. Programs that correctly read ustar format (see below) will also be able to read this format; any extended attributes will be extracted as separate files stored in PaxHeader directories.

ustar

The libarchive library can both read and write this format. This format has the following limitations:

• Device major and minor numbers are limited to 21 bits. Nodes with larger numbers will not be added to the archive.
• Path names in the archive are limited to 255 bytes. (Shorter if there is no / character in exactly the right place.)
• Symbolic links and hard links are stored in the archive with the name of the referenced file. This name is limited to 100 bytes.
• Extended attributes, file flags, and other extended security information cannot be stored.
• Archive entries are limited to 8 gigabytes in size.

Note that the pax interchange format has none of these restrictions. The ustar format is old and widely supported. It is recommended when compatibility is the primary concern.

v7

The libarchive library can read and write the legacy v7 tar format. This format has the following limitations:

• Only regular files, directories, and symbolic links can be archived. Block and character device nodes, FIFOs, and sockets cannot be archived.
• Path names in the archive are limited to 100 bytes.
• Symbolic links and hard links are stored in the archive with the name of the referenced file. This name is limited to 100 bytes.
• User and group information are stored as numeric IDs; there is no provision for storing user or group names.
• Extended attributes, file flags, and other extended security information cannot be stored.
• Archive entries are limited to 8 gigabytes in size.

Generally, users should prefer the ustar format for portability as the v7 tar format is both less useful and less portable.

The libarchive library also reads a variety of commonly-used extensions to the basic tar format. These extensions are recognized automatically whenever they appear.

Numeric extensions.

The POSIX standards require fixed-length numeric fields to be written with some character position reserved for terminators. Libarchive allows these fields to be written without terminator characters. This extends the allowable range; in particular, ustar archives with this extension can support entries up to 64 gigabytes in size. Libarchive also recognizes base-256 values in most numeric fields. This essentially removes all limitations on file size, modification time, and device numbers.

Solaris extensions

Libarchive recognizes ACL and extended attribute records written by Solaris tar.

The first tar program appeared in Seventh Edition Unix in 1979. The first official standard for the tar file format was the “ustar” (Unix Standard Tar) format defined by POSIX in 1988. POSIX.1-2001 extended the ustar format to create the “pax interchange” format.

Cpio Formats

binary

The libarchive library transparently reads both big-endian and little-endian variants of the the two binary cpio formats; the original one from PWB/UNIX, and the later, more widely used, variant. This format used 32-bit binary values for file size and mtime, and 16-bit binary values for the other fields. The formats support only the file types present in UNIX at the time of their creation. File sizes are limited to 24 bits in the PWB format, because of the limits of the file system, and to 31 bits in the newer binary format, where signed 32 bit longs were used.

odc

This is the POSIX standardized format, which is officially known as the “cpio interchange format” or the “octet-oriented cpio archive format” and sometimes unofficially referred to as the “old character format”. This format stores the header contents as octal values in ASCII. It is standard, portable, and immune from byte-order confusion. File sizes and mtime are limited to 33 bits (8GB file size), other fields are limited to 18 bits.

SVR4/newc

The libarchive library can read both CRC and non-CRC variants of this format. The SVR4 format uses eight-digit hexadecimal values for all header fields. This limits file size to 4GB, and also limits the mtime and other fields to 32 bits. The SVR4 format can optionally include a CRC of the file contents, although libarchive does not currently verify this CRC.

Cpio first appeared in PWB/UNIX 1.0, which was released within AT&T in 1977. PWB/UNIX 1.0 formed the basis of System III Unix, released outside of AT&T in 1981. This makes cpio older than tar, although cpio was not included in Version 7 AT&T Unix. As a result, the tar command became much better known in universities and research groups that used Version 7. The combination of the find and cpio utilities provided very precise control over file selection. Unfortunately, the format has many limitations that make it unsuitable for widespread use. Only the POSIX format permits files over 4GB, and its 18-bit limit for most other fields makes it unsuitable for modern systems. In addition, cpio formats only store numeric UID/GID values (not usernames and group names), which can make it very difficult to correctly transfer archives across systems with dissimilar user numbering.

Shar Formats

shar

The traditional shar format uses a limited set of POSIX commands, including echo(1), mkdir(1), and sed(1). It is suitable for portably archiving small collections of plain text files. However, it is not generally well-suited for large archives (many implementations of sh(1) have limits on the size of a script) nor should it be used with non-text files.

shardump

This format is similar to shar but encodes files using uuencode(1) so that the result will be a plain text file regardless of the file contents. It also includes additional shell commands that attempt to reproduce as many file attributes as possible, including owner, mode, and flags. The additional commands used to restore file attributes make shardump archives less portable than plain shar archives.

ISO9660 format

Libarchive reads ISO9660 images using a streaming strategy. This allows it to read compressed images directly (decompressing on the fly) and allows it to read images directly from network sockets, pipes, and other non-seekable data sources. This strategy works well for optimized ISO9660 images created by many popular programs. Such programs collect all directory information at the beginning of the ISO9660 image so it can be read from a physical disk with a minimum of seeking. However, not all ISO9660 images can be read in this fashion.

Libarchive can also write ISO9660 images. Such images are fully optimized with the directory information preceding all file data. This is done by storing all file data to a temporary file while collecting directory information in memory. When the image is finished, libarchive writes out the directory structure followed by the file data. The location used for the temporary file can be changed by the usual environment variables.

Zip format

The streaming reader processes Zip archives as they are read. It can read archives of arbitrary size from tape or network sockets, and can decode Zip archives that have been separately compressed or encoded. However, self-extracting Zip archives and archives with certain types of modifications cannot be correctly handled. Such archives require that the reader first process the Central Directory, which is ordinarily located at the end of a Zip archive and is thus inaccessible to the streaming reader. If the program using libarchive has enabled seek support, then libarchive will use this to processes the central directory first.

In particular, the seeking reader must be used to correctly handle self-extracting archives. Such archives consist of a program followed by a regular Zip archive. The streaming reader cannot parse the initial program portion, but the seeking reader starts by reading the Central Directory from the end of the archive. Similarly, Zip archives that have been modified in-place can have deleted entries or other garbage data that can only be accurately detected by first reading the Central Directory.

Archive (library) file format

mtree

When reading an mtree file, libarchive will locate the corresponding files on disk using the contents keyword if present or the regular filename. If it can locate and open the file on disk, it will use that to fill in any metadata that is missing from the mtree file and will read the file contents and return those to the program using libarchive. If it cannot locate and open the file on disk, libarchive will return an error for any attempt to read the entry body.

7-Zip

CAB

LHA

RAR

Warc

XAR