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| NAMED(8) | BIND 9 | NAMED(8) |
NAME
named - Internet domain name serverSYNOPSIS
named [ [-4] | [-6] ] [-c config-file] [-C] [-d debug-level] [-D string] [-E engine-name] [-f] [-g] [-L logfile] [-M option] [-m flag] [-n #cpus] [-p port] [-s] [-t directory] [-U #listeners] [-u user] [-v] [-V] [-X lock-file]DESCRIPTION
named is a Domain Name System (DNS) server, part of the BIND 9 distribution from ISC. For more information on the DNS, see RFC 1033, RFC 1034, and RFC 1035.When invoked without arguments, named reads the default configuration file /usr/local/etc/namedb/named.conf, reads any initial data, and listens for queries.
OPTIONS
- -4
- This option tells named to use only IPv4, even if the host machine is capable of IPv6. -4 and -6 are mutually exclusive.
- -6
- This option tells named to use only IPv6, even if the host machine is capable of IPv4. -4 and -6 are mutually exclusive.
- -c config-file
- This option tells named to use config-file as its configuration file instead of the default, /usr/local/etc/namedb/named.conf. To ensure that the configuration file can be reloaded after the server has changed its working directory due to to a possible directory option in the configuration file, config-file should be an absolute pathname.
- -C
- This option prints out the default built-in configuration and exits.
NOTE: This is for debugging purposes only and is not an accurate representation of the actual configuration used by named at runtime.
- -d debug-level
- This option sets the daemon's debug level to debug-level. Debugging traces from named become more verbose as the debug level increases.
- -D string
- This option specifies a string that is used to identify a instance of named in a process listing. The contents of string are not examined.
- -E engine-name
- When applicable, this option specifies the hardware to use for
cryptographic operations, such as a secure key store used for signing.
When BIND 9 is built with OpenSSL, this needs to be set to the OpenSSL engine identifier that drives the cryptographic accelerator or hardware service module (usually pkcs11).
- -f
- This option runs the server in the foreground (i.e., do not daemonize).
- -g
- This option runs the server in the foreground and forces all logging to stderr.
- -L logfile
- This option sets the log to the file logfile by default, instead of the system log.
- -M option
- This option sets the default memory context options. If set to external, the internal memory manager is bypassed in favor of system-provided memory allocation functions. If set to fill, blocks of memory are filled with tag values when allocated or freed, to assist debugging of memory problems. nofill disables this behavior, and is the default unless named has been compiled with developer options.
- -m flag
- This option turns on memory usage debugging flags. Possible flags are usage, trace, record, size, and mctx. These correspond to the ISC_MEM_DEBUGXXXX flags described in <isc/mem.h>.
- -n #cpus
- This option creates #cpus worker threads to take advantage of multiple CPUs. If not specified, named tries to determine the number of CPUs present and creates one thread per CPU. If it is unable to determine the number of CPUs, a single worker thread is created.
- -p value
- This option specifies the port(s) on which the server will listen for queries. If value is of the form <portnum> or dns=<portnum>, the server will listen for DNS queries on portnum; if not not specified, the default is port 53. If value is of the form tls=<portnum>, the server will listen for TLS queries on portnum; the default is 853. If value is of the form https=<portnum>, the server will listen for HTTPS queries on portnum; the default is 443. If value is of the form http=<portnum>, the server will listen for HTTP queries on portnum; the default is 80.
- -s
- This option writes memory usage statistics to stdout on exit.
NOTE:
This option is mainly of interest to BIND 9 developers
and may be removed or changed in a future release.
- -S #max-socks
- This option is deprecated and no longer has any function.
WARNING:
This option should be unnecessary for the vast majority
of users. The use of this option could even be harmful, because the specified
value may exceed the limitation of the underlying system API. It is therefore
set only when the default configuration causes exhaustion of file descriptors
and the operational environment is known to support the specified number of
sockets. Note also that the actual maximum number is normally slightly fewer
than the specified value, because named reserves some file descriptors
for its internal use.
- -t directory
- This option tells named to chroot to directory after processing the command-line arguments, but before reading the configuration file.
WARNING:
This option should be used in conjunction with the
-u option, as chrooting a process running as root doesn't enhance
security on most systems; the way chroot is defined allows a process
with root privileges to escape a chroot jail.
- -U #listeners
- This option tells named the number of #listeners worker threads to listen on, for incoming UDP packets on each address. If not specified, named calculates a default value based on the number of detected CPUs: 1 for 1 CPU, and the number of detected CPUs minus one for machines with more than 1 CPU. This cannot be increased to a value higher than the number of CPUs. If -n has been set to a higher value than the number of detected CPUs, then -U may be increased as high as that value, but no higher.
- -u user
- This option sets the setuid to user after completing privileged operations, such as creating sockets that listen on privileged ports.
NOTE:
On Linux, named uses the kernel's capability
mechanism to drop all root privileges except the ability to bind to a
privileged port and set process resource limits. Unfortunately, this means
that the -u option only works when named is run on kernel 2.2.18
or later, or kernel 2.3.99-pre3 or later, since previous kernels did not allow
privileges to be retained after setuid.
- -v
- This option reports the version number and exits.
- -V
- This option reports the version number and build options, and exits.
- -X lock-file
- This option acquires a lock on the specified file at runtime; this helps to prevent duplicate named instances from running simultaneously. Use of this option overrides the lock-file option in named.conf. If set to none, the lock file check is disabled.
SIGNALS
In routine operation, signals should not be used to control the nameserver; rndc should be used instead.- SIGHUP
- This signal forces a reload of the server.
- SIGINT, SIGTERM
- These signals shut down the server.
The result of sending any other signals to the server is undefined.
CONFIGURATION
The named configuration file is too complex to describe in detail here. A complete description is provided in the BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual.named inherits the umask (file creation mode mask) from the parent process. If files created by named, such as journal files, need to have custom permissions, the umask should be set explicitly in the script used to start the named process.
FILES
- /usr/local/etc/namedb/named.conf
- The default configuration file.
- /named.pid
- The default process-id file.
SEE ALSO
RFC 1033, RFC 1034, RFC 1035, named-checkconf(8), named-checkzone(8), rndc(8), named.conf(5), BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual.AUTHOR
Internet Systems ConsortiumCOPYRIGHT
2022, Internet Systems Consortium| 2022-05-09 | 9.18.3 |
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